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Retiring With Student Loan Debt

If you’re getting ready to retire and you have student loan debt, you’re not alone. According to the National Consumer Law Center, 3.5 million adults aged 60 or older owe more than $125 billion in student loans.

While you do have to pay student loans after retirement, there are ways to make the process more manageable. Read on to learn about retiring with student loan debt, including options for forgiveness and how to save money on your loans.

Key Points

•  Approximately 3.5 million adults aged 60 or older have student loan debt, requiring monthly payments in retirement until the loans are repaid.

•  Data shows that borrowers aged 50 to 61 have the highest average federal student loan balance, which is $46,556.

•  Fixed retirement income creates challenges for covering loan payments; if loans go into default due to nonpayment, the federal government can withhold up to 15% of an individual’s Social Security benefit.

•  Income-driven repayment plans typically offer lower payments based on discretionary income and family size, while Public Service Loan Forgiveness requires 120 qualifying payments from those who are eligible, before canceling remaining loan balances.

•  Federal loan consolidation combines multiple loans into one streamlined payment, while refinancing replaces existing federal and private loans with a new loan with new rates and terms.

Can You Retire With Student Loan Debt?

It is possible to retire with student loan debt, but you will need to keep making your monthly payments during retirement until your student loans are fully repaid.

Even if you’ve been saving for retirement for decades, loan payments can put an extra strain on your budget during your golden years, so it’s a good idea to plan ahead.

Paying Back Student Loans After Retirement

Student loans are financial obligations you must repay, even in retirement. If you fail to pay them, your student loans can go into default, which can have serious repercussions.

There are advantages and disadvantages to paying student loans in retirement and it’s helpful to know what they are.

Pros of Paying Back Student Loans After Retirement

Paying off student loans in retirement can help you maintain or strengthen your credit. When you pay your loan on time each month, that positive credit behavior is reflected on your credit report. It could positively impact your credit score, which could help you qualify for better interest rates on a mortgage, personal loans, and credit cards.

In addition, paying off your student loans as quickly as possible in retirement can reduce the amount of interest you’ll pay. The sooner you pay off the loans, the less interest you’ll pay overall.

And finally, paying off your student loan debt will leave you with more money in your budget. Whether you choose to travel or move to your dream retirement location, you’ll be able to dedicate more funds to your goals. Plus, you’ll have the peace of mind of knowing your student debt has been eliminated.

Cons of Paying Back Student Loans After Retirement

All that said, paying student loans in retirement can be challenging. Individuals aged 50 to 61 have the highest average federal student loan balance, which is $46,556, according to the Education Data Initiative. That’s a steep amount to pay off after retiring.

Once an individual is on a fixed retirement income, it can be a struggle to make the monthly loan payments. The money that you need to allocate to your student loan likely means that you’ll have less to spend on essentials, including daily living expenses and healthcare, and less to contribute to savings. You might need to work longer or get a part-time job to bring in extra income.

And if you fail to make student loan payments, your loans could end up in default. At that point, the federal government can withhold up to 15% of your Social Security benefits as well as your tax refund to put toward your outstanding federal student loan balance.

Defaulted student loans are reported to the credit bureaus and they typically remain on your credit report for seven years. A default damages your credit and can make it difficult to get a loan or credit cards.

At What Age Can You Stop Paying Student Loans?

Unfortunately, there is no age when you can just stop paying your student loans. Retirement has no impact on your obligation to repay your student loan debt. No matter what your age, your monthly loan payments will continue to be due each month until the loan is paid off.

Student Loan Forgiveness Options

However, one option that might help with student loans in retirement is loan forgiveness. There are some federal student loan forgiveness programs offered by the U.S. Education Department that borrowers with student loan debt may want to explore.

Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) Plans

Borrowers with federal student loans may be able to get their loans forgiven through an income-driven repayment plan. IDR plans base monthly payments on an individual’s discretionary income and family size. Because repayment is stretched over 20 or 25 years, your monthly payments may be lower.

As of March 2026, there are three IDR plans available: Pay as You Earn (PAYE), Income-Based Repayment (IBR), and Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR). Only one of these plans, the IBR plan, offers forgiveness as an option on the remaining balance on your loan after 20 years.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF)

Borrowers who work full-time in public service might be eligible for Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). They must work for a qualifying employer and make 120 qualifying payments under an eligible repayment plan, such as an IDR plan. After that, the remaining loan balance may be forgiven.

Options for Paying Off Student Loans During Retirement

Once a borrower pays off their student loans in retirement, they can enjoy retirement without the stress of education debt hanging over them. As part of preparing for retirement, you may want to come up with a strategy for repaying your loans so that you have a plan in place.

There are a number of repayment options to consider, including the ones below. Using a student loan repayment calculator may be helpful as you evaluate each one.

Lump Sum

If you can afford to pay off your loans all at once, you could potentially save a lot of money overall. You’ll eliminate the interest you would have owed if you paid the loan off over time, which could be considerable, depending on the length of your loan term. Plus, you’ll immediately free up money in your monthly budget to dedicate to other financial goals.

Consolidate Your Loans

If you have multiple federal student loans, another potential option is student loan consolidation. With this process, you combine multiple federal student loans into one new loan with one new monthly payment. The interest rate on the new loan is the weighted average of your existing loan rates rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent.

Just be aware that while consolidating student loans streamlines and simplifies your monthly payments, it typically won’t save you money overall.

Refinance Student Loans

Borrowers with private student loans, or a combination of federal and private loans, might want to consider student loan refinancing. When you refinance, you replace your existing loans with a new loan with new rates and terms. Ideally, you would receive a loan with a lower interest rate or shorter loan term through refinancing. That could save you money on interest over the life of the loan.

However, it’s important to understand that if you refinance federal loans, you lose access to federal benefits, such as income-driven repayment plans and student loan forgiveness. If you think you may need these programs, refinancing is probably not the right option for you.

Adjusting Your Retirement Budget

You could also tweak your budget to free up some extra money to put toward your monthly student loan payments. Start by reviewing your expenses carefully. Look for costs that you could reduce or eliminate, such as subscription services, restaurant meals, gym memberships you rarely use, and so on. By directing those funds to your student loan payments, you may be able to pay off your loans a little faster.

You might also consider the avalanche method for repaying debt. With this process, you pay more money to the student loan with the highest interest rate while continuing to make minimum payments on your other loans. Once you pay off that loan, you focus on the loan with the next highest interest rate and so on. This can help reduce the amount of interest you’ll pay over time.

How Student Loan Debt Can Impact Retirement Planning

Student loan debt can affect retirement planning in several different ways. Here are some of the impacts student loans can have and what to do about them.

Impact on Monthly Cash Flow

Making monthly student loan payments means borrowers will have less money for other things, including daily living expenses such as housing, utilities, and groceries.

They’ll also have less money to allocate toward saving and investing for retirement. According to a 2026 report by Fidelity, borrowers over age 50 with student loan debt have retirement balances that are about 30% less than those in the same age group that don’t have student loan debt.

Impact on Social Security or Fixed Income

Student loan debt can also impact a borrower’s Social Security benefits and fixed income. If their federal student loans go into default because they are unable to pay them, the government can withhold up to 15% of a borrower’s Social Security benefits to apply to the outstanding loans, as long as the remaining balance on their monthly Social Security benefit is at least $750. This can create financial hardship for those on a fixed income, especially for low-income individuals.

Balancing Debt Payoff vs Retirement Savings

It can be challenging to juggle paying off loans and saving for retirement, but older borrowers can strive to strike a balance between the two.

Because workers near retirement age tend to have large student loan balances, as noted earlier, prioritizing paying off their debt could save them money on interest and keep them from falling into delinquency or default on their federal loans. In this case, they may want to put more money or extra payments toward their loans. As they pay off loans, they could then direct the money toward retirement.

Another option some borrowers may want to explore is working longer to pay off their student loan debt before retiring. That way, they can retire free of student debt — along with the stress and financial struggles it brings — and fully concentrate on saving for the future once they retire.

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.


The Takeaway

Dealing with student loans in retirement isn’t ideal, but having a plan in place for paying off your loans could help you save money on interest, free up funds you can devote to other goals, and give you peace of mind.

Potential ways to make your student loan debt more manageable include using an income-driven repayment plan, pursuing student loan forgiveness, or refinancing your student loans. Weighing all the options can help borrowers decide which one is best suited to their situation.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Do you have to pay back student loans when you retire?

Yes. Student loans don’t just “go away” once you reach a certain age or enter retirement. You are responsible for paying back student loans, even in retirement.

How many years do you have to pay student loans?

There is no limit on how long you have to pay off student loans. You can pay them off for however long it takes. However, be aware that the longer it takes to repay your loans, the more you will typically pay in interest.

Does your student loan get written off at 50?

No, student loans do not get written off or canceled at 50 — or at any age. Borrowers have an ongoing obligation to repay their student loans.

Can Social Security be garnished for student loans?

Possibly. If you miss 270 days of payments on your federal student loans, they can go into default. Defaulting on a student loan can lead to serious consequences, including the government withholding up to 15% of your Social Security benefits

Should you pay off student loans before retiring?

Whether to pay off student loans before retiring depends on your specific situation. For those who are older and can afford to pay off student loans before retirement, doing so could help them free up money in retirement, when they are on a fixed income. However, for those who are younger, prioritizing saving for retirement may make sense because their money will potentially have more time to grow before they reach retirement age.


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SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Who Actually Owns My Student Loans?

Your student loans are owned by the government or a financial institution like a bank, credit union, or online lender. Who owns your student loans depends on the type of loans you have — federal or private.

Knowing which organization or entity owns your student loans is important for managing your payments, and for anyone who wishes to be an informed consumer. Here’s how to find out who holds your student loan debt.

Key Points

•   Student loan ownership depends on the loan type, with the U.S. Education Department owning federal loans and private lenders owning private loans.

•   Loan owners hold legal rights to the loan and receive payments on them, while loan servicers handle billing, customer service, and borrower assistance separately.

•   Common federal student loan servicers include Edfinancial Services, MOHELA, Aidvantage, Nelnet, and ECSI.

•   The Education Department can transfer loans to new servicers, meaning a new company will handle loan management.

•   Private lenders may sell student loans to a new lender, while refinancing by a borrower replaces existing student loans with a new loan from a new private lender.

Who Owns Student Loans vs Who Services Them?

The entity that owns your student loans is not necessarily the same entity that services them. The owner of your loans may partner with a third party known as a loan servicer to manage your loans. The ED typically always uses loan servicers, for example.

The loan servicer handles billing and payments and can also help with repayment options, such as income-driven repayment (IDR) plans for federal loans. Essentially, your loan servicer is your resource for any questions or issues related to your loans, in addition to handling billing and payments.

Overview of Student Loan Ownership

There is both federal and private student loan ownership, and the owner of your student loans depends on the types of loans you have. Federal student loans are typically owned by the U.S. Education Department (ED), while private student loans are owned by the private lender who issued them.

Your loan owner can change if the loan is sold (see more about this below) or if you choose to refinance your student loans. When you refinance, potentially for a lower interest rate and more favorable term, you will get a new lender and loan owner in the process. Just be aware that refinancing federal student loans makes them ineligible for federal programs and protections.

Federal Student Loan Ownership

Federal student loans are owned by the federal government through the Education Department. The ED sets annual and aggregate limits on how much students can borrow, and your school’s financial aid office determines what types of federal loans you may receive and the amount you get, based on your Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) form, the school’s cost of attendance, and any other financial aid you’ve received.

Once you finish or leave school and your loan goes into repayment, your loan servicer takes over all details related to managing your loan’s repayment.

Private Student Loan Ownership

For borrowers with private student loans, these loans are owned by a private lender, such as a bank, credit union, online bank, or other private financial institution. Unlike most federal loans, private student loans require credit checks. The amount you can borrow may be as much as the cost of attendance, but the amount a borrower can actually receive depends on the lender, their credit and debt-to-income ratio, whether or not they have a cosigner on the loan, and other financial factors.

Private lenders may also service your student loans and handle the billing, payments, and customer service themselves. Or, they may opt to work with a third party for loan servicing.

Loan Owner vs Loan Servicer Differences

A loan owner is the owner or holder of your loan. This is the entity that holds the legal right to your loan. They receive the payments on the loan, including the principal and interest. Federal loans are owned by the Education Department, while private student loans are owned by private lenders.

Student loan servicers are hired by loan owners to handle the billing and customer service aspects of student loans. With federal loans, servicers can help you figure out things like which repayment plan you should be on and whether to consolidate your student loans. They can also be a resource if you’re facing financial difficulties and help set you up with deferment or forbearance if you need it. For private loans, servicers handle payments, issues or questions you may have, and communication about your loans.

Identifying Federal Loan Servicers

Your federal loan servicer is typically who you reach out to for anything related to your federal student loans. It’s important to know who services your student loans and how to reach them.

How to Find Your Federal Loan Servicer

Once the ED disburses your federal student loan, they will assign a loan servicer to manage it. The loan servicer will usually contact you directly. That way, when it’s time to start paying back student loans, you’ll know who services your student loans and who to reach out to.

If you didn’t save their contact information, finding student loan servicers is usually simple. Just log into your account dashboard at StudentAid.gov and go to the “My Loan Servicers” section. Or call the Federal Student Aid Information Center (FSAIC) at 800-433-3243.

The ED sometimes moves student loans from one loan servicer to another. This transfer simply means a different company will be handling your loan and helping you manage it. For instance, you could talk to them about different student loan repayment options if you’re looking for another plan.

If your loan is transferred, the new loan servicer will typically inform you of the change by email or letter. Update your payment information with your bank, or adjust the payment method for your monthly student loan bill to make sure your payments go through smoothly. Also, set up an account with the new servicer and double-check that your personal information is accurate so they can reach you if needed.

Common Federal Loan Servicers

These are some of the most common federal student loan servicers:

•   Edfinancial Services

•   MOHELA

•   Aidvantage

•   Nelnet

•   ECSI

•   CRI

Identifying Private Loan Lenders

Determining who owns your private student loan can be a little more complicated. Here’s how to do it.

Checking Private Loan Ownership

There’s no one central website for private student loan servicers like there is for federal loans. To find out who owns your private student loans, you’ll need to individually contact each of your lenders. If you’re not sure who your lender is, consult your original loan documents. The lender should be listed on the documents.

Using Your Credit Report to Identify Loan Owners

Another option is to get your credit report from one of the three credit bureaus. Private lenders usually report loans, including student loans, to the credit bureaus, and your loan servicer should be listed on the credit report.

Why Loan Ownership Matters

Knowing who owns your student loan is critical for managing your student loan debt. The entity that owns your loan determines how your loans are handled and what options you have when it comes to making payments on your loans.

How Ownership Affects Repayment Options

Your options for repaying your student loans are directly impacted by your student loan ownership. If you have federal student loans owned by the federal government through the Education Department, you have more flexibility with repayment options, which currently include income-driven plans that base your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size, typically resulting in lower payments; as well as the Graduated, Extended, and Standard Repayment Plans.

Federal loans also offer options like forgiveness, as well as deferment and forbearance in cases of financial hardship. And finally, with federal loans, there is a six-month grace period after graduation before your loan payments are due.

Private student loans typically have fewer repayment options. Repayment terms are generally determined by the lender, and payments are typically due once a borrower leaves school.

However, some private lenders require immediate payments on loans after they are disbursed or interest-only payments while a borrower is in school. Others may offer deferred repayment, with a six-month grace period after school. With private lenders, there are usually fewer options for those facing financial hardship, and private loans do not qualify for any of the federal programs or protections offered by federal loans.

What Happens When Loans Are Transferred or Sold

Student loan owners and loan servicers can change. This can happen if your student loan is sold to another company, for instance, or if your loan is transferred to another servicer. In either case, you should receive a notification by mail or email about who your new loan owner or servicer is and where to send your payments.

But even if you miss the notice, it’s still your responsibility to make sure your loan payments get to the new loan servicer or owner by the due date. Make sure to update all your payment information and create an account with the new entity to help the payment process go smoothly.

The Takeaway

If you have federal student loans, the government owns your loans. With private loans, your loans are owned by a private lender. Both entities can use loan servicers to handle payments for your loan, so be sure to find out who your loan servicer is.

The owner of your loan and/or your loan servicer may change over time. Student loans can be transferred to other servicers or sold to other lenders. And if you decide to refinance your student loan — say, because you qualify for a lower interest rate or better term — you’ll get a new lender as part of that process.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Can student loans be sold to other lenders?

Yes, a lender can sell your student loans. They may do so to free up capital, for instance. Typically, the new owner of the loan will notify you of the change of ownership. Be sure to update your payment information with the new lender.

How can I find out who services my loans?

If you have federal student loans, you can log in to your account dashboard at StudentAid.gov and click on the “My Servicers” section to see who your loan servicer is. For private student loans, contact your lender directly for the information or get a copy of your credit report, which should have the loan servicer listed.

What if I don’t recognize my loan servicer?

If you come across a loan servicer you don’t recognize, it’s a good idea to make sure they’re legitimate. Check with your lender to find out if this is the servicer they’re working with. Don’t give out any personal or sensitive information to anyone you don’t know. Be alert for scammers offering to help you with payments or loan forgiveness. Report anything that feels off or questionable. You can file a complaint online with the Education Department’s Federal Student Aid office.

Does refinancing change who owns your student loans?

Yes, refinancing changes who owns your loans. When you refinance, you replace your old loans with a new loan from a new private lender. That lender becomes the new owner of your loan.

Can your loan servicer change without affecting your loan terms?

Yes, your student loan servicer can change without affecting your loan terms like the total balance, interest rate, and repayment plan. Even though the servicer has changed, the details of your loan remain the same. However, you will have to create a new account with the new loan servicer and make sure your personal and payment information is correct. Also, if you use the autopay option for your loan payments, you will have to set up that option with the new servicer.


About the author

Ashley Kilroy

Ashley Kilroy

Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.



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SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Not all repayment options may be available for all loans. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is current as of 3/2/2026 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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Pros and Cons of Consolidating Student Loans: A Comparison

Student loan consolidation can streamline the multiple federal student loans you’ve accumulated over the years. That can make it easier and possibly more affordable to pay down your debt. But consolidation can also have downsides, like being in debt longer and potentially paying more interest overall.

Currently, almost 32% of federal student loan debt is in the Direct Consolidation Loan program, according to the Education Data Initiative. To understand your options, read on to learn about the pros and cons of consolidating student loans and what options you may have.

Key Points

•   Consolidating federal student loans simplifies repayment by combining multiple loans into one loan with a single payment date and one loan servicer.

•   Extended repayment terms for Federal Direct Consolidation Loans creates lower monthly payments but can result in more interest paid over the life of the loan.

•   Unpaid interest on loans gets capitalized during consolidation for a higher principal balance, and with interest owed on the new higher balance.

•   Consolidation resets qualifying payment credit toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness and income-driven repayment plans, pushing back forgiveness timelines.

•   Refinancing student loans replaces old loans with a new loan that may have a lower interest rate for those who qualify, however, refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal benefits.

What Is Student Loan Consolidation?

A Direct Consolidation Loan is a federal loan that lets you combine one or more existing federal student loans into one new loan. Here are some details about how student loan consolidation works:

•   You don’t have to combine all of your federal loans; instead, you can select which eligible loans you’d like to consolidate. The consolidated loan balance is the total remaining principal from the loans you’ve chosen to merge, including any unpaid interest.

•   The loan will have a new interest rate and a longer repayment term. The loan servicer for your Direct Loan Consolidation loan might change, too.

•   It’s not possible to convert private student loans to federal loans through Direct Consolidation. Private education loans don’t qualify for this (or any other) federal loan program.

Which Loans Qualify for Federal Direct Consolidation?

Many different types of federal student loans are eligible for federal consolidation. The loans that can be consolidated include:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans

•   Direct PLUS Loans (for graduates and parents)

•   Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program Loans

•   Federal Perkins Loans

Direct PLUS loans received by parents (often called Parent PLUS loans) cannot be consolidated together with federal loans received by a student. And, as noted above, private student loans are not eligible for federal consolidation.

How Direct Consolidation Interest Rates Are Set

The interest rates on Direct Consolidation loans are calculated based on the weighted average of the rates on the loans being consolidated. That average is then rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percent. Consolidation does not typically lower a borrower’s interest rate.

Take control of your student loans.
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Pros of Consolidating Student Loans

There are pros and cons of consolidating student loans. On the plus side, student loan consolidation has some advantages that could be helpful as you’re repaying your federal loans. These are some of the benefits of consolidation.

Easier to Manage

Over the course of your education, you may have taken out new loans for various academic years. That means you have a number of different monthly payment amounts and due dates, as well as different loan servicers.

Consolidation simplifies your repayment experience by bundling multiple loans into one neat package. You’ll have just one outstanding balance to focus on with only one payment due date to remember, so there’s less chance of accidentally missing it. And if you have any questions about your loans, you only need to reach out to one loan servicer.

More Time to Pay Off Your Student Loans

Consolidating your student loans resets your repayment clock. Direct Consolidation Loan terms can range from 10 to 30 years on the Standard or Graduated Repayment Plans. (Note, however, that extending your loan term can mean paying more interest over the life of your loan.)

Your maximum timeline to pay back the consolidated loan also depends on your loan’s principal balance:

•   10-year term for amounts under $7,500

•   12-year term for $7,500 to $9,999

•   15-year term for $10,000 to $19,999

•   20-year term for $20,000 to $39,999

•   25-year term for $40,000 to $59,999

•   30-year term for $60,000 or greater

If you need more time to pay down your federal student debt, a consolidation loan might be an option.

May Have a Lower Monthly Payment

Because of the extended repayment term that a Direct Consolidation Loan offers, you end up with a lower monthly payment. The loan’s repayment is stretched over a longer period so your fixed installments are typically smaller than the payments you originally had. (As mentioned above, though, you will pay more in interest over the repayment term if you extend it.)

For example, let’s say you’re combining two loans:

•   Loan 1 is $15,000 at 6.00%

•   Loan 2 is $30,000 at 6.40%

Your original monthly payments for loans 1 and 2 are $166.53 and $339.12, respectively, over a 10-year term. That’s $505.65 per month in student loan payments.

If you consolidate both loans, your principal balance is $45,000. Over a 25-year term at 6.25%, your monthly payment is $296.85 — that’s $208.80 less each month.

You Can Choose a Federal Loan Servicer

When you have a federal student loan disbursed to you, the account is automatically assigned to a loan servicer. You don’t get a choice in which entity services your loan. Subsequent loans are also automatically assigned to a servicer and not necessarily the same one.

When applying for a Direct Consolidation Loan, however, you get to choose which loan servicer you prefer. If you’ve had a negative experience dealing with a servicer in the past, consolidation gives you the power to choose a servicer that might be a better fit.

Cons of Consolidating Student Loans

Student loan consolidation also has a number of potential downsides, however. Here are some of the disadvantages to consider.

Unpaid Interest From Existing Loans Capitalizes

One drawback of loan consolidation involves unpaid interest. If you have unpaid interest on any of the loans you’re combining, the interest is added to your principal balance. This is called interest capitalization.

This means that your new consolidation loan will have a higher principal balance. And moving forward, you’ll pay interest on this higher balance, which could result in paying more for your student debt overall.

You Might Be in Debt Longer

You may be positioning yourself to stay in debt longer than your original repayment timeline. Although a longer term is helpful for lowering monthly payments, it can take a toll in other ways:

•   Being in debt longer can impact your mental health. A 2024 study of student loan borrowers found that having student loan debt was tied to anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness.

•   Additionally, being in debt longer can be a significant drain on your finances and might result in delaying other life and financial goals, like buying a home, starting a family, and saving money for retirement.

Longer Repayment Means More Interest

Another downside of loan consolidation is that it can result in paying more interest over time. Although a longer loan term results in smaller installment payments, it means you’re stretching out the amount of time it takes to pay off your debt.

The extra years’ worth of debt comes at a cost in the form of interest charges. The more interest you pay toward your loan, the more you pay for the loan overall.

Losing Federal Loan Benefits

A Direct Consolidation Loan typically resets any payment credit you’ve earned toward federal loan forgiveness under Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) or an Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plan. Past qualifying payments that were made before you consolidated won’t count toward the payment requirement for forgiveness. This can ultimately push back your loan forgiveness timeline.

Also, if you consolidate your federal student loans with a private loan, you forfeit federal benefits and protections. (Read more about this below.)

Application Process Takes Time

How long it takes to consolidate student loans could be an issue if you’re in a time crunch. Although filling out the application takes an estimated 30 minutes or less, the process overall takes longer. Depending on your unique student loan situation, it can take anywhere from four to six weeks to complete the consolidation process.

Here’s a side-by-side comparison of the student loan consolidation pros and cons.

Pros of Consolidation Cons of Consolidation
Bundles multiple loans into one Prior unpaid interest added to loan principal
Simplifies repayment May stay in debt longer
Extends the term of the loan Might result in paying more interest
May lower monthly payments Lose access to some federal benefits
Allows you to choose your loan servicer Process may take weeks to complete

Student Loan Consolidation vs Student Loan Refinancing

Student loan consolidation and student loan refinancing share some similarities, but they are two distinctly different processes. Although they both allow borrowers to combine multiple student loans into one, other than that, they function in very different ways.

Key Differences Between Consolidation and Refinancing

For starters, federal student loan consolidation is only available for federal student loans. Both private student loans and federal student loans are eligible for refinancing with a private lender.

Other major differences between consolidation and refinancing include:

•   Credit check: Student loan consolidation does not involve a credit check; with refinancing, a credit check is required for approval.

•   Interest rates: When you refinance, the interest rate you get depends upon the strength of your credit (or the credit of your student loan refinancing cosigner, if you have one). If your credit is strong, you may get a loan with a lower interest rate. With consolidation, your interest rate is a weighted average of the rates of the loans you’re consolidating, rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percent. Consolidation doesn’t result in a lower interest rate.

•   Access to federal benefits: When you refinance federal loans, they become private loans and you lose access to federal benefits and protections, such as income-driven repayment and forgiveness. With student loan consolidation, you retain access to these federal benefits.

•   Loan terms: The repayment term for consolidation loans is 10 to 30 years. Refinancing loan terms vary by lender, but may range from approximately 5 to 20 years.

When Refinancing Might Make More Sense

Refinancing may make more sense for a borrower who has private student loans and strong credit and is looking to lower their interest rate. This can reduce their monthly payments and total loan cost.

Student loan refinancing may also make sense for a borrower whose credit situation has strengthened since they first took out their student loans. In this case, they may be able to qualify for lower student loan refinancing rates, which could save them money.

Recommended: Student Loan Refinance Guide

Weighing the Pros and Cons for Yourself

There’s a lot to mull over if you’re considering the idea of consolidating student loans. Student loan consolidation pros and cons (and how you prioritize them) might shift depending on your overall repayment strategy.

•   For example, consolidating your loans might make sense if you simply want to simplify and streamline your loan accounts or you need a lower monthly payment. It might also make sense if your current loan type doesn’t qualify for loan forgiveness or an IDR plan, and consolidation is your only way forward.

•   However, consolidation might not be for you if you’re not working toward loan forgiveness and want to pay the least amount of money toward your education in the shortest time.

Questions to Ask Before You Consolidate

If you’re considering consolidation, the following questions could help you determine whether it’s the right path for you. Ask yourself:

•   Do I have outstanding interest on my loans that will capitalize? Any unpaid interest on loans being consolidated will be added to the principal balance of the consolidation loan and may result in paying more for the loan overall.

•   Will the new consolidation loan term mean I end up paying more total interest over the life of the loan? An extended repayment term on a consolidation loan lowers monthly payments, but it also means paying more in interest. Additionally, you’ll be in debt longer.

•   Will consolidating affect student loan forgiveness? If you are pursuing forgiveness through PSLF or the IBR plan, any qualifying payments you made before consolidation will not count toward the payment requirement for forgiveness.

Alternatives to Student Loan Consolidation

Consolidating student loans isn’t always the best approach, depending on your situation. If you’re on the fence about pursuing a Direct Consolidation Loan, here are a few other alternatives.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans

Borrowers who are struggling to make their student loan payments may want to consider an income-driven repayment plan.

IDR plans calculate your monthly payments based on your discretionary income and family size. Because repayment is stretched over 20 or 25 years, your monthly payments may be lower.

Currently, borrowers have three IDR plans to choose from:

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE). Payments are generally 10% of your discretionary income over a 20-year term.

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR). Your payment is 10% or 15%, over a 20- or 25-year term, depending on when you took out the loan. On IBR, if you still have a loan balance at the end of the repayment term, the remainder is forgiven.

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR). Over a 25-year term, you’ll pay the lesser of 20% of your discretionary income or the income-adjusted fixed payment you’d pay across 12 years.

Be aware that for loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2026, there will be just one income-based plan available. The Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) is a new income-driven plan that bases payments on a borrower’s adjusted gross income. The unpaid interest each month is canceled, and after 30 years, any remaining balance is forgiven.

Borrowers with existing student loans (meaning those taken out before July 1, 2026) can stay in their current IDR plan for now, but must switch to IBR or RAP by July 1, 2028.

Deferment or Forbearance

If you can’t manage your current student loan payment due to a temporary financial hardship, you may want to consider deferment or forbearance. These are temporary options that let you pause or reduce your required federal loan payments until your finances stabilize.

Typically, interest still accrues while you’re in student loan forbearance, and certain loans still accrue interest in deferment. Additionally, the months you’re in deferment or forbearance might not be credited toward loan forgiveness.

Student Loan Refinance

If you have private student loans or loans that are not eligible for consolidation, or you have strong credit and aren’t pursuing federal benefits, refinancing student loans is another alternative.

Student loan refinancing involves replacing your existing loans with a new loan from a private lender. The new loan will have a new loan agreement, interest rate, and term. Ideally, if you have strong credit, the interest rate on the refinance loan would be lower. A student loan refinancing calculator can help you see whether refinancing can save you money.

Just remember that refinancing federal loans results in losing access to federal benefits and programs. It can be helpful to learn more about the differences between private and federal student loans before changing your repayment strategy.

The Takeaway

Consolidation can be a useful strategy for some borrowers, but it’s not for everyone. Those considering consolidation can take stock of their short- and long-term repayment goals and how the pros and cons of consolidating federal student loans might affect them. For instance, a lower monthly payment could be the right choice for one person, but paying more interest for an extended term could be a no-go for someone else.

If a Direct Consolidation Loan isn’t right, there are other paths to explore, including income-driven repayment plans, deferment or forbearance, and refinancing student loans.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Can student loan consolidation affect your credit score?

Consolidating student loans can affect your credit in indirect ways. For example, payment history is the biggest factor for your FICO Score®. Securing a manageable monthly payment via consolidation might help you avoid being late or missing a loan payment. Consistent payments made by your due date can positively impact your credit over time.

Can consolidated student loans be forgiven?

Yes, Direct Consolidation Loans are an eligible loan type for federal student loan forgiveness programs. Consolidated loans can be included if you’re earning forgiveness through programs like Public Service Loan Forgiveness or an Income-Based Repayment (IBR) plan.

Does consolidating student loans lower interest rates?

Generally speaking, no. Your Direct Consolidation interest rate is calculated based on the weighted average of the rates on your consolidated loans. This average is then rounded up to the closest one-eighth of a percent.

Should you consolidate before applying for PSLF?

It typically only makes sense to consolidate before applying for PSLF if you have loans other than Direct Loans (such as FFEL, Perkins, or Parent PLUS Loans). These loans are not eligible for PSLF unless they are consolidated.

Is it worth consolidating if you’re already on an IDR plan?

No. Consolidating loans if you’re already on an IDR plan means that any qualifying payments you made before the consolidation will not count toward the total payment requirement for forgiveness. Consolidating resets your qualifying payment count to zero, meaning you’ll have to start all over again.


Photo credit: iStock/Jovanmandic

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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A blond woman lying on a treatment table with a therapist’s hands holding her head and neck.

How Much Physical Therapy School Costs and Ways of Paying for It

Physical therapy (PT) school costs in the U.S. can range between $7,500 and $57,000 per year, depending on whether you live in the same state as the program you attend.

And when it comes to how to pay for PT school, there are several funding options for prospective students — from grants and scholarships to federal financial aid, work-study programs, private student loans, and more.

Keep reading to find out how much PT school costs and how to pay for it.

Key Points

•  Several funding options for PT schools are available for prospective students, including grants, scholarships, federal financial aid, work-study programs, and private student loans.

•  The average total cost of education for PT programs in the U.S. is $106,051 for in-state students and $125,287 for out-of-state students.

•  Grants for PT school are sponsored by various sources, including the federal government, public and private colleges, professional organizations, and corporations.

•  Private and professional organizations offer financial aid opportunities to PT students, often on a regional basis.

•  While the average cost of attending PT school may seem high, the median salary for a PT is $101,020, which may help to justify the expense of education.

Cost of Physical Therapy School

The cost of PT school can vary significantly depending on the program you attend and your location.

With that said, the average total cost of education for PT programs in the U.S. is $106,051 for in-state students and $125,287 for out-of-state students.

7 Ways to Pay for Physical Therapy School

Now that you have an idea of how much PT school might cost, your next priority is likely figuring out how to pay for it once you’ve been accepted.

Below are seven different options you can look into to help cover the costs of attending PT school.

1. Grants

Physical therapists are in high demand, and there’s been a corresponding increase in the number of grants available to students who are pursuing a career in PT.

Grant funding that helps students with PT school costs is sponsored by a variety of sources, from the federal government to public and private colleges and universities, professional organizations, and corporations.

It’s a good idea to kick off your search for grant funding with federally-backed programs that target PT majors. If you’re enrolled in a PT program from an accredited college or university, you may be eligible for the following federal grants.

Recommended: Grants for College

The Federal Pell Grant

The Federal Pell Grant is available to undergraduate students with demonstrated financial need. Graduate-level students in Doctor of Physical Therapy programs are not eligible, but students in Physical Therapy Assistant (PTA) programs may apply. The amount of awarded funding maxes out at $7,395 for the 2025-26 school year. The amount awarded can change yearly and is based on the student’s level of financial need, attendance status (full time or part time), and the cost of the program itself.

The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant

The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) is available to eligible undergraduate students who have already qualified for a Pell Grant, still demonstrate financial need, and are enrolled in a participating college or university.

To apply for an FSEOG, you can work with your college’s financial aid office and learn if you’re eligible to receive anywhere from $100-$4,000.

US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Aid

The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), an agency of the HHS, offers a variety of financial aid opportunities that are designed to assist students entering into the health care profession. One example is the HRSA Scholarship for Disadvantaged Students, which is a campus-based grant program that provides financial assistance to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Eligible recipients must be pursuing a degree in an approved health care field (PT being one of them), and the college or university the student is attending determines their eligibility and award amount.

Colleges and Universities

There are several campus-based grants and payment programs available to PT students to help cover PT school costs. Once you’ve compiled a list of preferred PT programs, you can search for these grants and scholarships on the schools’ websites or speak to someone in their financial aid departments to get started.

Private Organizations

Private and professional organizations can be solid sources for grants, scholarships, and fellowships that help aspiring PTs pay for PT school.

In many cases, the funding is extended on a regional basis, so searching for state or local organizations is a great way to seek financial aid that’s relevant to PT in your particular area.

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) sponsors several grants and scholarships for PT students, including the Outstanding PT Student and PTA Student Awards and the Orthopedic Section Outstanding PT/PTA Student Award, among others.

An example includes the Foundation for Physical Therapy Research (FPTR), which administers research grants for graduate-level PT students in a variety of rehabilitation techniques, including pediatric and geriatric PT. In addition, the FPTR offers $5,000 in award funds from their Promotion of Doctoral Studies Scholarship for high-performing PTs and PTAs pursuing doctoral studies at an accredited college or university.

2. Scholarships

When considering how to pay for PT school with a scholarship, consider searching scholarship databases for PT scholarships. Websites such as CollegeScholarships, Scholarships 360, or Scholarships.com all offer comprehensive lists of scholarships available specifically to students studying PT.

In addition to your course of study, you can factor in other talents or qualities that may help you qualify for a scholarship, such as where you grew up, your ethnicity, or your gender.

Review the scholarships available at your specific school as well.

Recommended: Find Financial Aid Options for All 50 States

3. Federal Student Loans

To help PT students offset their PT school costs, federal student loans are another prime way to secure financial aid.

Federal financial aid for PT students can come in the form of various federal student loans. They cover the cost of attendance, living expenses, fees, and more to help you pay for your PT education.

On top of that, federal student loans offer specific perks and protections such as:

•  Deferment (eliminated for economic hardship or unemployment for loans made on or after July 1, 2027)

•  Forbearance (capped at nine months in any 24-month period for loans made on or after July 1, 2027)

•  Student loan forgiveness options

•  A six-month grace period for new grads

Most federal student loans (aside from PLUS loans) don’t require a credit check, so borrowers won’t need to add a cosigner to the loan. Undergraduate students may also qualify for Direct Subsidized Loans, which are awarded based on financial need. Students are not responsible for paying the interest that accrues on subsidized loans while they are actively enrolled or during qualifying periods of deferment, such as the grace period.

4. Private Student Loans

Private student loans can be obtained from private lenders such as banks, credit unions, or other financial institutions and can help bridge the gap when federal student loans aren’t enough to pay for PT school. That said, it may be tricky for PT students to qualify for private student loans without a cosigner, especially if they have a lower credit score or no credit at all.

In some cases, aspiring PT students may need to ask someone to cosign for a private student loan to help them obtain a lower interest rate and more favorable loan terms.

While private student loan borrowers aren’t afforded the same perks and protections as they are with federal student loans, there are still benefits to using private student loans to pay for PT school.

Here’s a guide to private student loans that can help you learn more about the available options.

5. Part-Time Work

Whether it’s a side hustle or a sanctioned work-study program, there are other ways to pay for PT school that don’t involve a loan, grant, or scholarship.

On Campus

An on-campus work-study program is typically offered by the college or university where a student is attending PT school.

In the case of the Federal Work-Study Program, students are eligible for part-time employment while enrolled in PT school if their college is a participating member of the program and the student meets the program’s eligibility requirements. Checking with the school’s financial aid office is the best way to determine whether or not they offer a Federal Work-Study Program.

Off Campus

The Federal Work-Study Program also offers off-campus employment for a private nonprofit organization or a public agency, typically for work that’s performed in the public interest.

That said, finding your own job on or off campus (that’s not tied to federal aid) is also a possibility. Whether it’s a part-time job at a local cafe, waiting tables at a restaurant, or becoming a nanny for a nearby family, there are other options for figuring out how to pay for PT school.

6. FAFSA

If you’re thinking about using federal student aid to pay for PT school, the first step is filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®).

The FAFSA is a free form that’s completed by current and prospective PT students to determine their eligibility for federal financial aid, including loans, scholarships, and the programs mentioned above.

Take a look at this FAFSA guide for more information about what the FAFSA is, which types of financial aid you may be eligible for, the requirements for receiving funds, and important dates to know.

7. PSLF

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) is a federally-backed program that forgives the remaining balance on a borrower’s Direct Loans after:

•  They’ve made 120 qualifying monthly payments.

•  They’re under a qualifying repayment plan.

•  While they’re working full-time for a qualifying employer.

The requirements for receiving PSLF are strict, so if you are pursuing this option, be sure to read all the program instructions and paperwork closely.

When deciding how to pay for PT school, this is one reason many prospective students turn first to federal financial aid.

It’s Student Loan Forgiveness programs like these that are among the many perks and protections of federal student loans that can’t be accessed through private student loans.

How Much Can Physical Therapists Make?

While PT school costs can seem a bit steep, the compensation for recent PT grads can potentially justify the price tag for today’s typical PT program.

In 2024, physical therapists made a median salary of $101,020, with the top 10% bringing in more than $132,500 and the lowest 10% earning $74,420.

The Takeaway

When it comes to how to pay for PT school, there are several ways aspiring students can receive financial aid — including grants, scholarships, work-study programs, federal student loans through FAFSA, and private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What is the average student debt for a physical therapist after graduating?

PTs graduate with an average total student debt amount of around $156,000.

How much can PTs expect to make after graduating?

An entry-level physical therapist salary can range from $65,000 to $85,000 or higher per year, and the median salary among all PTs was $101,020 in 2024.

Will the military pay for PT school?

Each branch of the U.S. Armed Forces has different programs and requirements for receiving financial assistance for PT school. Visiting their individual websites is the best way to determine eligibility.


Photo credit: iStock/marinesea

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Not all repayment options may be available for all loans. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is current as of 3/2/2026 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOISL-Q126-035

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A piggy bank with a graduation cap sits on a high coin stack, conveying the high cost of college in the U.S.

Why Is College So Expensive?

The cost of college has soared over the last several decades, turning what was once a manageable next step after high school into a major financial undertaking. The combination of tuition, housing, and daily living expenses can feel overwhelming. But understanding why costs are rising is the first step toward managing them. Below, we explore the key forces driving up the cost of college in the U.S. and share practical strategies to help reduce your total bill without sacrificing your education.

Key Points

•   The average total cost of attendance for college has roughly doubled over the last 30 years after adjusting for inflation.

•   Rising college costs are driven by increasing institutional expenses, including faculty salaries, facility maintenance, administrative growth, and technology integration.

•   Cuts in state funding for public colleges have shifted a greater financial burden onto students through tuition increases.

•   Beyond tuition, the total cost of attendance includes expenses such as housing, meals, textbooks, and various mandatory fees.

•   Students can manage these high costs by maximizing financial aid, choosing cost-effective schools, and strategically prioritizing federal over private student loans.

How Expensive Is College Today?

According 2025-26 College Board data, the average annual total cost of attendance is:

•   $30,990 for in-state students at public institutions

•   $50,920 for out-of-state students at public institutions

•   $65,470 for students attending private nonprofit colleges

These figures reflect the full cost of education and living expenses combined. Tuition alone has risen dramatically from a generation ago. Over the last 30 years, average college tuition has roughly doubled after adjusting for inflation.

While inflation-adjusted costs have declined or remained flat in recent years, they are beginning to trend upward again, with 2026-27 price tags topping $90,000 per year at some private colleges.


💡 Quick Tip: When shopping for a private student loan lender, look for benefits that help lower your monthly payment.

Factors Contributing to Rising College Costs

College prices increase for many reasons. Universities are large, complex organizations with expenses that extend far beyond classroom instruction. From paying employees to maintaining facilities and technology, institutions face ongoing financial pressures that influence tuition rates.

Increase in Faculty Salaries and Benefits

Salaries and employee benefits represent one of the largest institutional expenses, often accounting for more than half of a college’s total operating budget. To attract and retain talented faculty and staff, colleges must offer competitive compensation packages.

In addition to base pay, faculty typically receive benefits like employer retirement contributions, health insurance, disability coverage, group life insurance, workers’ compensation premiums, parking privileges, and other fringe benefits like tuition discounts and athletic event access. Non-salary benefits can amount to one-quarter — or more — of total compensation.

Construction and Maintenance of Campus Facilities

Modern campuses extend beyond traditional classrooms and libraries. Universities invest heavily in state-of-the-art science labs, student centers, athletic facilities, residence halls, and sustainability initiatives.

Construction costs have surged in recent years due to labor shortages, rising material prices, and stricter building standards. Once facilities are built, ongoing maintenance, utilities, and renovations add to operational expenses. Many institutions also face costly repairs and modernization projects due to aging infrastructure.

Capital improvements are often financed through bonds and other debt instruments, and the debt repayment can contribute to rising tuition over time.

Student Services and Amenities

Today’s students expect more than lectures and textbooks. Colleges provide career counseling, mental health services, tutoring centers, disability accommodations, and robust extracurricular campus programming.

Mental health services in particular have expanded significantly in response to rising student needs. Hiring licensed counselors and maintaining support programs requires sustained funding. Institutions also compete for enrollment by upgrading residence halls, fitness centers, dining facilities, and technology-rich study spaces.

Administrative Costs and Staffing

Administrative staffing has grown over the past several decades. Universities must comply with federal and state regulations related to finance aid, research oversight, Title IX enforcement, accreditation, and campus safety.

Each compliance area requires trained personnel. Institutions also employ admissions officers, financial aid counselors, IT specialists, marketing teams, and fundraising staff. While critics often point to “administrative bloat” as a major driver of tuition increases, administrative and compliance costs represent a significant part of university budgets.

Technology Integration Costs

Technology plays a central role in modern higher education. Learning management systems, cybersecurity protections, high-need campus internet, digital libraries, research databases, and classroom technology all require continuous investment.

Colleges must also safeguard sensitive student data from cyber threats, which has become increasingly complex and expensive. Regular software upgrades and licensing fees further increase costs. The expansion of hybrid and online learning models — accelerated during the pandemic — added additional layers of technological infrastructure that institutions continue to maintain.

Impact of Inflation on Higher Education Costs

Like all sectors of the economy, higher education is affected by inflation. Rising prices for utilities, food services, construction materials, and insurance directly impact operating budgets.

Although tuition increases have moderated in recent years compared to past spikes, broader inflationary pressures continue to strain college finances. When operating expenses rise, institutions must either reduce services, identify alternative revenue sources, or increase tuition and fees.

Recommended: Inflation Impacts on College Tuition

Role of State Funding Cuts

Public colleges and universities rely heavily on state appropriations. Following the Great Recession of 2008, many states reduced higher education funding, prompting institutions to raise tuition to offset the shortfall.

While funding levels have rebounded in many states, new fiscal pressures have emerged. As states face competing budget priorities, some have proposed or implemented funding reductions in 2025 and 2026. When state support declines, students and families often bear a greater share of the financial burden.

Additional Expenses for Students

Beyond institutional factors, students face personal expenses that significantly increase the total cost of earning a degree.

Housing and Living Expenses

Room and board has become one of the fastest-growing college expenses, frequently rising faster than tuition and outpacing inflation.

Based on 2025-26 figures, room and board at a public college averages around $13,900 annually. At private colleges, the average is approximately $15,920, according to the College Board.

Textbooks and Course Materials

Textbooks and digital course materials can run well over $1,000 per year. Although rental programs and open educational resources have reduced some expenses, certain specialized courses still require costly materials.

Recommended: How to Pay for College Textbooks

Tuition and Fee Increases Year-Over-Year

Some institutions offer “tuition guarantee” programs that lock in rates for four years. However, many students should expect annual tuition increases. Even a 3% yearly hike compounds over time. Because each increase is applied to an already elevated base, the total cost of a four-year degree can exceed initial projections.

Total Cost of Attendance vs Tuition Alone

One common misconception is equating tuition with total college costs. Tuition represents only one part of the financial picture.

Total cost of attendance (COA) includes tuition, mandatory fees, housing, meals, books, supplies, transportation, and personal expenses. Financial aid offices use COA to determine eligibility for grants and loans.

For example, at the University of Maryland, in-state tuition and fees for 2025-26 are listed at $12,290, while the total cost of attendance is estimated at $33,360 — with $21,070 attributed to non-tuition expenses.

Hidden Costs Students Should Expect

In addition to published expenses, students may encounter less obvious costs, such as:

•   Orientation fees

•   Parking permits

•   Study abroad program fees

•   Professional exam preparation

•   Graduation fees

•   Food beyond meal plans

•   Technology purchases (e.g., laptops, tablets)

•   Moving and storage expenses

On-Campus vs Off-Campus Cost Differences

Whether living on-campus or off-campus is more affordable depends largely on location. At many institutions, the difference in cost is relatively small.

One key distinction is predictability. On-campus housing typically bundles rent and meal plans into a fixed cost. Off-campus living may offer flexibility but often includes variable expenses such as utilities, groceries, and transportation. Carefully comparing projected expenses can help determine which option is more economical.

Efforts to Control College Costs

In response to growing concerns about affordability, policymakers and institutions are exploring ways to contain or reduce costs.

Policy Changes and Government Proposals

Federal and state governments have proposed expanding Pell Grants, supporting tuition-free community college initiatives, and increasing transparency around net pricing (actual cost after financial aid). Federal actions are also being taken to address overborrowing, streamline loan repayment, and hold schools accountable for student outcomes.

Institutional Cost-Control Strategies

Colleges are also pursuing internal cost-saving measures, including:

•   Consolidating academic departments

•   Freezing hiring or limiting administrative growth

•   Expanding online course offerings

•   Partnering with other institutions for shared services

•   Increasing fundraising and endowment support

Some institutions are experimenting with three-year degree programs to reduce total time to graduation and overall costs.

The Long-Term Impact of High Costs

Rising college costs have broad economic and social implications. Graduates may leave school with significant debt, delaying milestones such as homeownership, entrepreneurships, or retirement savings.

High sticker prices can also discourage lower-income students from applying to selective institutions — even when generous financial aid might make attendance affordable. This “price shock” effect can limit access and perpetuate inequality.

At the same time, data consistently show that bachelor’s degree holders earn more on average over their lifetimes than individuals with only a high school diploma. For many students, college remains a worthwhile long-term investment — but one that requires thoughtful financial planning.

Recommended: The Pros and Cons of Going to College

How Students Can Manage Rising College Costs

While you cannot control macroeconomic trends or state funding decisions, you can take proactive steps to reduce your personal expenses.

Maximizing Financial Aid

Start by completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). In addition, you might explore scholarships offered by employers, private companies, nonprofits, religious groups, and community groups. These awards may be merit-based, need-based, or tied to specific talents, backgrounds, or career goals.

If your family’s financial circumstances change, consider appealing your financial aid offer. Work-study programs and part-time employment can also help offset costs.


💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too.

Choosing Cost-Effective Schools

In-state public colleges often offer the lowest tuition and highest return on investment. Another strategy is to begin at a public community college then transfer to a four-year institution. Completing general education requirements at a lower cost — often while living at home — can significantly reduce student loan debt.

When comparing college costs, look beyond the sticker price. Use each school’s online net price calculator to estimate your realistic out-of-pocket cost after grants and scholarships.

Strategic Borrowing

Many students rely on loans to finance their education. When borrowing, a good strategy is to prioritize federal student loans over private loans due to their fixed interest rates and borrower protections, including income-driven repayment and potential forgiveness options.

If private loans are necessary, shop carefully for competitive interest rates and consider using a creditworthy cosigner to secure better terms. Even if lenders allow you to borrow up to the full cost of attendance (minus financial aid), aim to borrow only what you truly need to avoid excessive debt after graduation.

The Takeaway

College is expensive in the United States because it reflects a complex ecosystem of faculty compensation, infrastructure, student services, administrative requirements, technology investments, inflationary pressures, and fluctuating state support. Beyond institutional costs, students also face substantial living expenses, materials, and incremental tuition increases.

Despite the high price tag, higher education can still offer significant long-term returns. The key is understanding the full cost of attendance, actively pursuing financial aid, and making informed decisions about where and how to earn a degree.

Approaching the process strategically — and recognizing the forces behind rising costs — can help you navigate the financial realities of college and set yourself up for long-term success.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What is the most expensive part of going to college?

Tuition and mandatory fees, along with room and board, generally represent the largest expenses. For the 2025-26 academic year, the average total cost of attendance for an in-state public institution was $30,990, with approximately $13,900 of that attributed to room and board. For private nonprofit colleges, the average total cost was $65,470, with room and board averaging $15,920.Beyond these main categories, textbooks, transportation, and personal expenses add to the total cost.

Why do private colleges cost more than public?

Private colleges generally cost more than public institutions for several key reasons. Unlike public universities, which receive substantial funding from state governments, private colleges rely primarily on tuition, endowments, and private donations. This lack of significant state subsidies means they must charge higher tuition to cover their operational costs. In addition, private schools often offer smaller class sizes and more personalized instruction, which contributes to higher per-student costs.

How can students reduce the cost of college?

Students can reduce college costs by prioritizing financial aid, starting with the FAFSA® to access federal grants and loans, and actively applying for scholarships. Choosing cost-effective schools, like in-state public institutions or starting at a community college before transferring, can also lower expenses. When borrowing is necessary, strategically prioritize federal student loans over private loans, and only borrow the minimum amount needed, regardless of the maximum offered.

Are online degrees a cheaper alternative?

Online degrees can often be a more cost-effective alternative, primarily because they reduce or eliminate the expense of on-campus housing, meals, and transportation. However, tuition rates for online programs vary widely and may be comparable to in-person tuition at some institutions. Students should carefully compare the total cost of attendance to determine the actual savings.

Why has college tuition increased so much over time?

Rising college tuition is driven by several interconnected factors, including state funding cuts to public institutions, growing administrative and compliance costs, increased spending on faculty salaries and benefits, and competition to offer modern facilities and student amenities. In addition, technology integration and general inflation further strain university budgets, leading to annual tuition and fee increases applied to an already high base cost.

Is college still worth the cost?

College remains a significant investment, but data consistently shows that bachelor’s degree holders earn substantially more over their lifetimes than those with only a high school diploma. While high costs demand careful financial planning — such as maximizing aid and selecting cost-effective schools — long-term career prospects and earning potential confirm the degree’s enduring value for most students.


Photo credit: iStock/Ibrahim Akcengiz

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