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When attending college, you may need to decide whether to pursue a Bachelor or Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree. Generally, a B.A. is more focused on the arts and humanities, while a B.S. is more centered around science and math.

Depending on the school and program, you may be limited to getting either a B.S. or a B.A. With some majors, however, you may have a choice. Whether you should go with a B.A. or B.S. will depend on both your educational and career goals. Read on for a closer look at a B.A. vs. a B.S., including how it can affect your coursework and future job options.

What’s the Difference Between a B.A. and a B.S.?

A Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Science are both generally four-year undergraduate degree programs. Students completing either of these degrees will typically need to take similar general education requirements, such as courses in English, mathematics, natural science, writing, history, and social science.

A B.A. focuses on traditional liberal arts subjects like history, literature, art, philosophy, the social sciences, and other topics in humanities. It will provide a student with a more diverse course of study and may require fewer credits than a B.S. degree.

On the other hand, a B.S. program emphasizes science, engineering, technology, and math, and is more focused on one subject. When looking into a B.A. vs. B.S., you’ll want to decide what kind of job or graduate school program you want to pursue after graduation.

For instance, if you have a choice of earning either a B.A. or a B.S. in psychology and know you eventually want to go into one-on-one counseling with patients, you may want to choose a B.A. degree.

If, on the other hand, your plan is to earn a Ph.D. and pursue a career in research, then a B.S. may be a better choice. Keep in mind that some colleges offer students the opportunity to earn a B.A. or a B.S. in the same major, while other colleges don’t offer that choice.


💡 Quick Tip: SoFi offers low fixed- or variable-interest rates. So you can get a private student loan that fits your budget.

Which Degree Is Better?

When looking at a B.A. vs. a B.S., you may be wondering which one is better and more attractive to employers. In reality, it may not make much of a difference which one a student earns, as long as they have a bachelor’s degree in general.

Some employers may want graduates with a broader view of liberal arts topics, while others might prefer candidates who honed in on a particular subject. However, a candidate would probably not lose a job opportunity just because they had the “wrong” type of bachelor’s degree.

When prospective employers and graduate school admissions officers are looking at candidates, they generally care much more about factors like a student’s grades, the courses they took, the major they enrolled in, and which school they went to.

They may also care about whether or not a student completed internships and work-study programs related to their major.

Recommended: Return on Education for Bachelor’s Degrees

Finding a Good B.A. or B.S. Program

Instead of getting hung up on the difference between a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Science, you may want to instead dive into the content and quality of the curriculum you could be studying for the next four years. You can see if the curriculum sounds interesting to you and if it would be applicable to your future career.

You may also want to evaluate all the schools you want to apply to or have gotten into before making a decision.

It’s a good idea to research a school’s reputation through a site like College Board® to determine how hard it is to get into, who the alumni are, what kinds of opportunities their graduates have pursued, and the strength of their programs.

Of course, it’s critical to investigate the location, enrollment size, and cost of attendance as well. You may find it helpful to create a shortlist of potential colleges/bachelor’s programs and then rank what’s most important to you.

For example, if you want to go to a competitive grad school, you may want to emphasize selectivity for your undergraduate program.

If you’re concerned about how you’re going to pay for college, you may also want to look into programs that are less expensive or that tend to offer scholarships to students. You can also research your options for private and federal student loans to pay for school.

If it’s feasible, it can also be helpful to visit and tour potential schools. This gives you a chance to get a feel for the school and student body, and get all your questions answered. For example, you may want to ask about job and career support, including job fairs and on-campus interview opportunities, so you know you will have support and be set up for success after you graduate.

Recommended: How to Pay for College

Why Get a Bachelor’s Degree?

B.A. and B.S. degrees can be very similar. What matters in most cases is simply getting a bachelor’s degree. This can open you up to a broader range of professional opportunities, allowing you to fulfill your career goals as well as earn more money.

You can choose to go directly into the workforce following graduation and have an advantage over candidates who only have a high school diploma (or less), or you could choose to go to graduate school to earn an advanced degree.

Studies have shown that those with college degrees tend to earn significantly more than those with only a high school diploma, with the figure being as much as 86% higher in recent years.

There are a number of personal benefits as well. Many students find college to be very fulfilling because they gain valuable skills like teamwork and time management.

They also learn how to take on challenges, which can improve their self-esteem. Research suggests that people with college degrees are more likely to volunteer, donate to charitable organizations, vote, and contribute to their communities than those without college degrees. They also tend to report higher levels of happiness.

Making Your College Decision

A B.A. and a B.S. are both four-year undergraduate degrees that often require similar general education requirements, like math, English, and history. Broadly, B.A. degrees are more focused on liberal arts subjects, while B.S. degrees usually emphasize subjects like math and science.

Some schools may offer a B.A. and B.S. in the same subject, but with slightly different degree requirements, such as a B.A. or a B.S. in chemistry or computer science. The B.S. program typically has more required courses than the B.A. program.

Once you determine what degree you want to get and where you want to get it, you’ll likely also need to figure out how you’re going to pay for it. Fortunately, you have options, including financial aid (which may include grants, scholarships, work-study, and subsidized federal loans), as well as unsubsidized federal loans and private student loans. For federal financial aid, filling out the FAFSA is a smart first step.

Private student loans can be used to finance your education or fill any gaps in funding. Just keep in mind that the lowest interest rates typically go to those with higher credit scores, these loans generally have higher rates than federal loans, and private loans don’t offer the same benefits (such as forbearance or public service loan forgiveness) as federal loans.

The Takeaway

The difference between a B.A. and B.S. degree is typically that a B.A. is centered on liberal arts topics, while a B.S. is more focused on science, tech, and math. Both degrees are undergraduate and can help a student prepare for a career or a postgraduate degree. Whichever degree you choose to pursue, also think about how to fund your college education.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

Which is better, a B.A. or B.S. degree?

Neither a B.A. nor a B.S. is better, in and of itself. It’s really a matter of figuring out which path is most interesting to you, will help you meet your goals, and will suit your circumstances.

Is a B.S. more respected than a B.A.?

When it comes to college degrees, it’s not a matter of either a B.S. or B.A. being more respected. Each has its strengths. If, say, you are applying to graduate school to pursue creative writing, a B.A. might be preferable. If you are looking for a job in engineering, a B.S. could be a great asset.

Do med schools prefer a B.A. or a B.S.?

Many med schools are open to students who have completed either a B.A. or a B.S. What’s most important is that they have completed whatever prerequisites the med school requires before starting its program.

About the author

Kylie Ora Lobell

Kylie Ora Lobell is a personal finance writer who covers topics such as credit cards, loans, investing, and budgeting. She has worked for major brands such as Mastercard and Visa, and her work has been featured by MoneyGeek, Slickdeals, TaxAct, and LegalZoom. Read full bio.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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SOISL-Q325-133

If you’ve decided to apply to grad school, you may be wrestling with a few questions, including how many schools you should apply to secure a positive outcome. The answer to that will depend on your personal situation, but a general rule of thumb is to apply to somewhere between four and six grad schools, including at least one reach school as well as one or two safety schools.

Read on to learn more about how to choose which grad schools — and how many — to apply to, plus options for financing your graduate degree once you get in.

Follow the Money and Consider Cost

When deciding where to apply to grad school, it can be a good idea to consider the quality and reputation of each program, as well as the potential cost. Even if you didn’t take out loans for your undergrad education, you may need to for your graduate-level studies. Indeed, grad students currently shoulder a significant portion of student debt — a full 47% currently. Federal loans can reach the six figures, and many graduates of grad programs may not have earning power to pay back these loans comfortably until years or even decades after their degree is conferred.

If you’re in the early stages of considering going to grad school, here are a few questions and actions that may help you navigate the choices available to you:

•   Talk with people who have gotten a similar master’s degree. What did they wish they had known?

•   Talk with the department or departments at the schools you’re considering and ask about graduate scholarships, fellowships, and other programs that may lower program cost.

•   Consider your career path. Look on various salary sites for median salaries for your proposed field of study.

In the early stages of heading to grad school, you may also want to determine how you’ll pay for graduate school, as this may impact the school you choose to attend. Here are a few suggestions for crafting a plan to pay for your graduate education.

Talk With Your Family

Some students have found that their family may support some or all of their grad school journey. Contributions such as free housing or the use of a family car add up as well, so it can be important to factor those in. For example, some students may look at programs where they can live at home, so they don’t need to pay for housing and travel expenses. If this is the case, make sure everyone is very clear about expectations so there are no surprises later on.

Apply for Federal Student Aid

Be sure to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Unlike undergrad education, direct subsidized loans are not available to graduate students. Your loans will also be considered in conjunction with any federal loans you took out as an undergrad when it comes to determining the maximum amount of student loans you’re eligible for as a grad student. Talking to the financial aid office at the schools you’re considering attending can also help you understand what loans, scholarships, and other programs may be available to you.

Consider Private Loans

Some students may find they need more money than they are offered in federal loans, and that’s where private graduate student loans student loans. Private lenders generally won’t lend more than what it costs to go to school, and rates and terms will vary.

Note that because private student loans lack the borrower protections that federal loans offer (like Public Service Loan Forgiveness or deferment options) it’s generally recommended that borrowers rely on these after tapping all federal aid options.

Consider Relevance and Practicality

In addition to prestige, it’s also important to consider degree relevance and how it may be practical for your future career path. Looking at salaries from people who graduated from that program or with that degree can help you assess what the future after graduation will look like. Sometimes, students can become so focused on getting into a grad program and affording the program that they may forget that the first year out of grad school may require a few months to find a job and find footing in a new career.

Asking yourself some questions can help you further drill down into the best programs to apply for:

How Much Will Expenses Cost?

Room, board, and travel all add up. Considering those costs can help assess overall expense. It can also be helpful to consider the cost of living, too, which can vary based on where the program is based.

Recommended: 6 Ways to Save Money for Grad School

Can I Work and Study Simultaneously?

Some programs may be structured for grad students to do both; others might be created primarily for students who can devote all their time to their studies. If you’re self-funding your grad school experience and are currently employed, it may be worth speaking with your HR office to see if there are any options for your company to fund your studies if you are planning to study and go to school at the same time.

How Long Is the Program?

Different grad programs have different time frames. While some, such as law schools, may have relatively standard coursework for traditional students, other programs may offer different structures depending on the school. And it may make sense to see how long or how short the degree can take depending on life circumstances. It can also be helpful to know if an internship or other hands-on experience is essential for the degree, as that may influence feasibility with fitting the degree in with other work.

Recommended: Is It Possible to Take Online Classes While Working?

Consider All Information

When applying to grad programs, getting as much data as possible can be helpful in determining the next steps. Talking with professors, people currently working in the industry, current students, and faculty at several schools you’re considering can all be helpful in assessing how well you may fit in a program — and why a program may be the best fit for you. Because graduate departments tend to be smaller than undergrad departments, you may find it easier to have these sorts of conversations.

It can also be helpful to speak to graduates of a program and to talk with mentors and employers about how a grad degree may enhance your career. While some career paths demand a grad degree, such as an attorney, social worker, or doctor, there are other career paths where a grad degree may not be necessary — or may be subsidized by an employer when they consider it essential. So having a range of opinions can be helpful when it comes to homing in on the best grad school programs for your needs.


💡 Quick Tip: Master’s degree or graduate certificate? Private or federal student loans can smooth the path to either goal.

The Takeaway

When figuring out how many grad schools to apply to, you may want to shoot for somewhere between four and six. The idea is to apply to enough schools to ensure that you are accepted to at least one program, but not so many that the time, effort, and cost (application fees can add up quickly) becomes too much.

When narrowing your list of target schools, keep in mind both the quality and cost of different programs. And even before you get accepted, it can be a good idea to fill out the FAFSA, and start making a plan for how you’ll cover your graduate school expenses.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

Is it okay to only apply to one graduate school?

The prevailing wisdom is that it’s best to apply to four to six graduate programs. Applying to just one could leave you without admission and the ability to pursue the field you’re interested in.

Are 7 Ph.D. applications enough?

In many cases, seven applications can be enough. If you are applying to especially competitive programs, you might add a couple more.

Is a 3.5 GPA enough to get into grad school?

A 3.5 GPA is good, but whether or not it’s enough for grad school will depend on the specific program and university you are applying to. For the most competitive graduate schools, it may not be enough for admission.

Photo credit: iStock/MicroStockHub

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOISL-Q325-131

With the average annual cost of college now $29,910 at public schools (for in-state students) and $62,990 for private schools, figuring out how to pay for college as a low-income student can be daunting. It’s important to keep in mind, however, that students from low-income backgrounds often qualify for grants and scholarships (which you don’t have to pay back), as well as student loans.

Federal student loans are available to all college students, regardless of income, and don’t require a credit check. If you still have gaps in funding after tapping financial aid and federal loans, you may also be able to qualify for private student loans, even with a low income.

Read on to learn more about the financial aid options available to you if you qualify as a low-income student, as well as how to apply for student loans.

What Are Student Loans?

Student loans are an often-used option to help pay for college. In fact, roughly 53% of students who complete their undergraduate programs take out federal loans at some point during their college years, according to the Education Data Initiative.

Student loans can be used to pay for tuition, fees, room and board, as well as other associated costs of college like books and supplies.

Students can use either federal or private student loans to pay for college. Students who take out federal student loans borrow money from the government, through the U.S. Department of Education. Federal student loans typically offer low, fixed interest rates and other benefits, such as income-driven repayment and access to forgiveness programs.

Private student loans, by contrast, are available from banks, credit unions, and other private lenders. These lenders set their own interest rates and conditions for their student loans. To qualify for a private student loan, you need to fill out an application and disclose personal financial information, such as your income and credit score.

Since students typically don’t have well-established credit histories, many private loans require a cosigner. A cosigner is someone who agrees to pay back the loan if the primary borrower is unable to do so. Because private student loans don’t offer the same borrower protections that come with federal student loans, you generally only want to consider them after you’ve depleted all of your federal student aid options.

Can You Get Student Loans With a Low Income?

Yes, you can get student loans if you have a low income. If you can’t cover the full cost of college with scholarships and grants, student loans can help you take care of the remaining costs of college.

You can access federal student loans no matter your income level, but you do need to meet specific qualifications. You must:

•   Have a high school diploma or a recognized equivalency, such as a GED, or have completed a state-approved home-school high school education.

•   Be a U.S. citizen or an eligible noncitizen

•   Have a valid Social Security Number

•   Be enrolled or accepted for enrollment as a regular student in an eligible degree or certificate program

•   Maintain satisfactory academic progress in college

You may also be able to qualify for some private student loans if you have a low income (more on that below).

Recommended: Finding Free Money for College

Low-Income Financial Aid Options

Students and their families pay for college in a variety of ways, including savings, scholarships, grants, work-study, and student loans. Indeed, paying for college often looks like a puzzle — all the pieces come together in different ways to make everything “fit.”

Here’s a look at how to access low-income student aid options.

FAFSA

Every student (whether they’re low-income students or not) can file the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). The FAFSA is the free form you can fill out to apply for financial aid for undergraduate or graduate school, and is one of the most important steps students and their families can take to pay for college.

In conjunction with the school you plan to attend, the FAFSA determines your eligibility for need-based and non-need-based financial aid. The FAFSA results determine the amounts you receive for federal grants, scholarships, work-study, and/or federal student loans. In addition to subsidized federal student loan (which are need-based) and unsubsidized federal student loans (which are not need-based), there are two other types of federal aid low-income students may qualify for based on the FAFSA:

•   Federal grants Students who demonstrate financial need may qualify for federal grants, which you generally do not need to pay back. Some examples of federal grants include the Federal Pell Grant, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG), and Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant. Each grant has its own eligibility requirements. Some, like the TEACH Grant, even have requirements you must fulfill after you attend school. Look at each grant’s eligibility requirements to determine whether you qualify.

•   Work-study Colleges and universities offer part-time work-study opportunities through the Federal Work-Study program. Graduate and undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need can qualify whether they are part- or full-time students, as long as their school participates in the Federal Work-Study Program.

How Do You File the FAFSA?

Typically, the FAFSA becomes available on October 1 for the following academic year. Since some aid is distributed on a first-come, first-served basis, it’s a good idea to complete the FAFSA as soon after its release as possible. Here’s how:

Since some aid is distributed on a first-come, first-served basis, it’s a good idea to complete the FAFSA as soon after its release as possible. Here’s how:

1.    Create your Federal Student Aid ID, also called an FSA ID. You can do this in advance of getting your materials ready and filing the FAFSA.

2.    Make a list of schools you’d like to attend. You can add up to 20 schools on the FAFSA.

3.    Gather financial documents you’ll need. You’ll need information for both yourself and your parents, such as your Social Security numbers, most recent federal income tax return, current bank statements, and records of any investments you have.

4.    Complete the FAFSA. Using your FSA ID, log in to the website, read the directions, and submit your information.

5.    Review your FAFSA Submission Summary to make sure your information looks correct. The FAFSA Submission Summary, formerly known as the Student Aid Report (SAR), is a document that summarizes the information you provided when filling out the FAFSA. It includes your Student Aid Index (SAI), previously called Expected Family Contribution (EFC). Colleges and universities receive your SAI to determine your eligibility for federal and nonfederal student aid.

Federal Pell Grant

Your SAI will determine your eligibility for a Federal Pell Grant, so you have to file the FAFSA in order to qualify.

Undergraduate students who qualify for a Federal Pell Grant must show exceptional financial need. These grants are usually reserved only for undergraduate students, though some students enrolled in a post-baccalaureate teacher certification program might qualify.

How much can you receive from a Pell Grant? The amount varies, depending on your SAI, the cost of attendance of your school, whether you are a part-time or full-time student, and whether you will attend for a full academic year or not. The maximum Pell Grant award for the 2025-2026 academic year is $7,395.

Scholarships for Low-Income Students

Colleges and universities may offer need-based scholarships. The money is yours to use for education — you do not need to pay it back. The results of the FAFSA help colleges and universities determine your eligibility for need-based scholarships and scholarships for low-income students.

You can also find need-based scholarships through employers, individuals, private companies, nonprofit organizations, religious groups, and professional and/or social organizations. There are a number of online scholarship search tools that can help you find scholarships you might qualify for.

Student Loans for Low-Income Families

As mentioned above, you can tap into either federal or private student loans for low-income students. Here’s a closer look at both.

Federal Student Loans

Based on the results of the FAFSA, you may qualify for a few types of federal student loans. Subsidized federal loans are need-based, while unsubsidized federal student loans are available to all students regardless of income or financial need.

Here’s a quick overview of three main types of federal loans:

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans can go to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. They are not need-based, and you are responsible for paying all interest, which begins accruing as soon as the loan is dispersed.

•   Direct Subsidized Loans are for undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need. The government pays the interest on these loans while you’re in school, during any deferment, and during the six-month grace period after you graduate.

•   Direct Plus Loans are available for graduate or professional students or parents of undergraduate students and are not need-based or subsidized. Borrowers must undergo a credit check to look for adverse events, but eligibility does not depend on your credit scores. (Note: As of July 1, 2026, Federal Direct PLUS Loans for graduate students will no longer be available. Federal Direct Loans will remain, however, and are available to graduate and professional students.)

Private Student Loans

Federal student loans don’t fully cover the cost of attendance for many students, and some students may consider tapping into private student loans as well.

Private lenders set their own requirements, however, and some students may find it challenging to qualify for a private loan if they have:

•   Little to no income

•   A negative credit history

•   A bankruptcy on file

•   A low credit score

How do you get around these issues? You may need to get a job while in school to prove you have some income. You may also want to work on building your credit before you apply for a private student loan. While you may be able to qualify with low income and low credit, you may make up for it by paying more in interest.

Another way to qualify for a private student loan with a low income and/or poor (or limited) credit is to apply with a cosigner. A student loan cosigner is a creditworthy adult who signs for a loan along with you. It’s a legally binding agreement stating that they’re willing to share the responsibility of repaying the loan on time and in full. Many borrowers turn to a family member for cosigning.

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How to Apply for Student Loans

How to apply for student loans will differ depending on whether you are interested in federal or private student loans.

To apply for federal student loans, the first step is to fill out the FAFSA. Once you’ve filed the FAFSA, you basically sit back and wait to see what the school you’re planning to attend will offer you in federal aid, which may include a mix of grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans. Your school will tell you how to accept all or a part of the loan.

Before you receive your loan funds, you will be required to complete entrance counseling, a tool to ensure you understand your obligation to repay the loan, and also sign a Master Promissory Note, agreeing to the terms of the loan.

Applying for private student loans involves directly going to a lender website or simply talking to your college or university’s financial aid office. Many institutions put together a list of what they call “preferred lenders.”

Even if your school makes it easy for you to apply for a private student loan, it’s a good idea to do your research outside of the preferred lender list to find low interest rates and compare interest rate types (fixed or variable), repayment schedules, and fees. You want to find the terms and conditions that best fit your needs.

As you are researching private student loans, you’ll want to make sure that you (or your cosigner) meets the requirements to qualify for the loan.

The Takeaway

Even if you’re a low-income student, you can access student loans. To find out what federal student loans you are eligible for, you’ll need to fill out the FAFSA. As a low-income student, you may qualify for subsidized federal student loans, which won’t accrue any interest while you’re in school and for six months after you graduate. This makes them more affordable than unsubsidized federal student loans and private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

What qualifies as a low-income student?

The U.S. Department of Education defines a low-income student as an individual whose family’s taxable income for the preceding year did not exceed 150% of the poverty income level established by the Census Bureau. For example, a student from a family of four living in the contiguous U.S. with a household income of $48,225 or less is considered low-income.

Do low-income students get free college?

Some low-income students are able to go to college for free through financial aid or merit scholarships. But even without a full ride, low income students can often pay for college through a combination of scholarships, grants, and federal student loans.

Does FAFSA help low-income students?

Yes, filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, better known as the FAFSA®, gives low-income students access to financial aid, including grants, scholarships, work-study programs, and federal student loans.

About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/Souda

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOISL-Q325-145

Declaring a major in college is a big decision, but the choices don’t stop there. Once students know their area of study, then comes the selection of courses. And, generally, you can’t just sign up for classes willy-nilly. Students typically need to start at one point before they can progress to another. This is where upper and lower division courses come into play.

Like levels in a video game, students have to start with beginner lessons before they can take on advanced challenges. Here’s a closer look at what lower division and upper division courses are and how they differ.

Types of Courses Students Can Take

When signing up for your first semester of college classes, you might notice that there are many more offerings than you had in high school.

In addition, core classes are different, and requirements will vary based on a student’s course of study.

While a college student can take everything from astronomy to architecture, here’s how courses are typically designated:

•   Lower division

•   Upper division

•   Major courses

•   Minor courses

•   General education courses

💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a competitive-rate, no-fees-required private student loan that covers up to 100% school-certified costs.

Degree Requirements

Every college major will have different courses, electives, and requirements that are necessary for graduating.

In addition to core requirements, students might need to take general education (gen ed) courses. These courses are required for all students, no matter their area of study. (Some will “CLEP out of” some or all gen ed courses. The College-Level Examination Program® offers 34 exams that cover intro-level college course material. Others might pass AP or International Baccalaureate exams to get college credit.)

Students won’t get to graduate just by taking classes for four years. They’ll need to meet the requirements of the major (and minor, if applicable) they’ve selected.

Each course has a number of credits, and students usually will need to accumulate a certain number of credits to qualify for their degree.

Degree requirements will vary based on what a student studies, but each will come with a mix of lower-division and upper-division courses to round out the educational experience.

Recommended: Harvard University Cost

What Is a Lower Division Course?

Lower-division courses are the building blocks of an undergraduate’s major. College freshmen might have restrictions in the courses they can enroll in.

Unless they bring in AP, IB, or college credits, they’ll need to take (and pass) lower- division courses in their major before being able to sign up for upper-division courses.

In general, here’s what students can expect in lower-division classes :

•   Introductory material Typically, lower-division courses teach the building blocks of concepts that students will use more down the line. For example, a biology major might start the course requirements with a lower-division Introduction to Biology lecture before moving on to more challenging material.

•   Younger students Generally, students will find more freshmen and sophomores in their lower-division courses.

•   A larger class Depending on the size of the school, lower-division classes are often larger because they may cover a broad swath of material that applies to multiple majors and areas of study. A lower-division class might even have more than one section a semester because so many students need to take it. In these larger lectures, participation might be limited, and attendance might not even count toward a grade.

•   A stricter structure Students might find that lower-division courses stick to the book (or syllabus). Each class, a professor will typically cover exactly what was detailed in the syllabus — nothing more, nothing less. Similarly, test questions might come straight out of lecture notes or assigned readings. Often this is done to ensure that students know the basics by heart before moving on to more challenging courses in their major.

•   Evaluation by test Due in part to their larger class sizes and structure, students can often expect multiple-choice tests in lower-division courses.

Of course, every college’s policies on classes are different, but for the most part, students can expect to take lower-division courses as they begin their academic career.

Lower-division courses may be required by a major or minor, or they might be a general education course all students are asked to take.

Recommended: Purdue University Cost

What Is an Upper-Division Course?

If lower-division courses are the foundation an education is built on, upper-division courses are the structure on top.

Lower-division courses sometimes count as prerequisites for upper-division classes. That means an undergraduate must take, and pass, a lower-division class before enrolling in an upper-division course.

Here’s what a student might experience in an upper division-course:

•   In-depth curriculum Upper-division classes are often a deeper dive into areas of study or cover more complex topics. Once students master a lower-division class, they’ll be challenged with harder concepts in an upper-division class. Upper-division classes are more likely to have words like “advanced” in the title.

•   Older students Third- and fourth-year students are more likely to be in these courses, typically because they’ve taken the prerequisites.

•   Smaller classes Whereas lower-division classes may be large lectures, upper-division classes start to get smaller, in part because the curriculum is more specialized. The deeper a student gets into a major, the more in-depth classes become.

•   A fluid structure Upper-division courses likely have a syllabus and required reading, but the day-to-day structure of the class may be less lecture-focused. In fact, some classes are seminars where students are encouraged to contribute ideas in a discussion format, often resulting in a participation grade.

•   Varied evaluations Depending on the class focus, testing may look different than that of a lower-division course. Students may be asked to write in-depth research papers or create large presentations to show their learning. If tests are in use, they might rely less on multiple-choice questions.

Since upper-division courses include more complex teachings, professors might expect students to show what they’ve learned in a more complex way. That might mean essays to prove an argument, or demonstration of critical thinking skills that don’t rely purely on lecture notes or readings.

Recommended: The Ultimate Guide to Studying in College

Numbering Systems for Division Courses

A simple way to tell if a class is a lower- or upper- division course is using a school’s numbering system for classes.

Most college courses will have a three- to five-digit number. The number is unique to the course, and can help students know what they’re getting into before they sign up in terms of difficulty.

While numerical systems will change from college to college, they might follow these general formulas:

•   1-199 At UCLA, for example, all undergraduate courses are assigned a number between 1 and 199. Any class with a number between 1 and 99 is a lower-division course, and any class with a number between 100 and 199 is an upper-division class.

•   100-499 Other schools, like the University of Arizona, might start the numbering higher. All lower-division classes are numbered from 100 to 299. Anything 300 to 399 is an upper-division course. The University of Massachusetts uses a slightly different system, where every 100 is a different year of school (100s are for freshmen, 200s for sophomores, etc.).

The numerical system for a college course probably won’t help students compare classes across different universities, but it can be a useful guide in plotting academic schedules within one school and major.


💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.

Finding a Way to Pay

Figuring out how to pay for college can feel like an upper-division course in and of itself. After completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®), you may find that you are eligible for grants, scholarships, and subsidized or unsubsidized student loans. However, you may still fall short of all the funding you need.

That’s where private student loans can come in. These loans are available through private lenders, including banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Rates and terms will vary depending on the lender. Some students may need a cosigner to qualify for private student loans due to a lack of credit history and income.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

What is the difference between upper and lower division courses?

Lower-division courses are typically introductory classes taken in the first two years of college. They cover general education and foundational subjects, building the skills needed for more advanced study. Upper-division courses, usually numbers 300-400, are taken in the junior and senior years. These classes go deeper into a student’s major, focusing on specialized topics, critical thinking, and research.

Are upper division classes harder?

Upper-division classes are generally considered more challenging than lower-division courses because they expect students to apply foundational knowledge, analyze complex topics, and engage in advanced discussions or projects. Instead of broad overviews, these classes often focus on specialized subjects within a major. However, whether they feel “harder” depends on the student’s preparation, interest, and study habits. Many find upper-division courses more engaging since they align closely with their career goal and academic interests.

What is the difference between 100 vs 200 vs 300 vs 400 level courses?

Course numbering often indicates difficulty and progression. Generally, 100-level courses are usually introductory, covering basic concepts for freshmen; 200-level courses may still be broad but require some prior knowledge, usually for sophomores; 300-level courses are upper division, often focusing on advanced, specialized topics for juniors; 400-level courses are typically the most advanced undergraduate classes, sometimes involving research, capstone projects, or preparation for graduate-level work.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOISL-Q325-082

Even if your parents are high earners (or you’re a grad student with a good salary), it’s worth filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA®. While your earnings are a factor on the FAFSA, there are no set income limits to apply or to qualify for aid, and not all programs are based on need. The FAFSA also provides access to non-need-based programs, including institutional merit aid and unsubsidized federal loans.

Regardless of income, It’s generally recommended to fill out the FAFSA as close to its release date as possible. Typically, the FAFSA opens on October 1 for the following academic year.

Read on to learn more about income requirements to be eligible for financial aid and why it’s probably a good idea to fill out the FAFSA.

What Are FAFSA Income Limits?

There is no income maximum when you file the FAFSA as an undergraduate or graduate student to attend college or career school. In other words, any student attending or applying to an eligible school can fill out and submit the online form, even if they or their parents are higher earners.

In addition, there are no simple income cutoffs for financial aid eligibility, in part due to the complexity of financial aid formulas.

In general, to be eligible for financial aid, you’ll need to:

•   Have a high school diploma or a recognized equivalency, such as a GED, or have completed a state-approved home-school high school education

•   Demonstrate financial need (for most programs)

•   Be a U.S. citizen or an eligible noncitizen

•   Have a valid Social Security Number

•   Be enrolled or accepted for enrollment as a regular student in an eligible degree or certificate program

•   Maintain satisfactory academic progress in college if you’re already enrolled. Standards for satisfactory academic progress vary by school

💡 Quick Tip: Make no payments on SoFi private student loans for six months after graduation.

How Are FAFSA Needs Calculated?

Your eligibility for scholarships, grants, work-study, and federal student loans depends on two key factors: your Student Aid Index (SAI) and the school’s cost of attendance (COA).

If you’re a dependent student with divorced parents, the parent who provided more financial support to you during the last 12 months should complete the FAFSA. If both parents provided an equal amount of financial support (or if they don’t support you financially), the parent with the greater income and assets should fill out the FAFSA.

SAI

The Student Aid Index (SAI) is an eligibility index number (ranging from –1500 to 9999990) that a college’s financial aid office uses to determine how much federal aid a student would receive if they attended the school.

SAI is calculated using the information you provide in the FAFSA. The formula assesses you and your parents’ total financial resources (including income and assets), then deducts the minimum amount needed for your family’s normal annual living expenses. The remaining amount may, in part, be allocated for college expenses.

Where you fall on the SAI scale helps your school determine what level of financial support you may need.

Recommended: Harvard University Cost

Cost of Attendance

The cost of attendance (COA) of a college or university refers to the estimated cost of a year of attendance at that school, including tuition, lodging, food, local transportation, and personal expenses.

When financial aid staffers at a college or university calculate the amount of financial aid you can qualify for, they consider your SAI, any other financial assistance you are already receiving, and the school’s COA to determine your financial need.

You can get an estimate of how much financial aid you might qualify for by using the government’s Federal Student Aid Estimator .

Grants and Loans That Require Financial Need

Federal grants and loans that require you to demonstrate financial need in order to qualify include:

•   Federal Pell Grants

•   Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants

•   Federal Work-Study Program

•   Direct Subsidized Loans

Different Kinds of Financial Aid

Submitting the FAFSA puts you in the running for need-based, as well as non-need-based, aid. Depending on your financial profile, here’s what you may be able to get by completing the form.

Pell Grants

The Pell Grant is a need-based financial aid program from the federal government that is designed to help undergraduates from low-income families afford college. The Federal Pell Grant award amount changes yearly. The maximum Pell Grant award for the 2025-26 academic year is $7,395.

The actual amount of Pell Grant you can receive depends on your SAI, the COA at your college or university, your status as a full-time or part-time student, and the amount of time that you will attend school during the academic year.

FSEOG

The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG), which typically doesn’t have to be repaid (unless you don’t fulfill your end of the bargain by completing school), goes to students who demonstrate exceptional need, as determined through the FAFSA.

The awards range $100 to $4,000 a year. The amount of money you can get depends not only on your level of need but also on when you apply, the amount of other aid you get, and how much your college or university can offer students.

Work-Study Programs

Work-study is a federal program that helps college students with financial need get part-time jobs either on or off campus to earn money for college. Students are typically responsible for securing their own work-study jobs.

Not all schools offer work-study, so it’s a good idea to reach out to the financial aid offices at the schools you’re interested in to see if they offer the program. To apply for work-study, you simply need to select the box on the FAFSA that indicates you want to be considered for work-study.

Direct Subsidized Loans

A Direct Subsidized Loan is a loan provided by the federal government for students who demonstrate financial need. You do not have to pay interest on the loan while you’re in school, during any deferment, or for six months after you graduate (known as the grace period). The government picks up this tab.

Before receiving the funds from a Direct Subsidized Loan, you need to complete entrance counseling, which goes over your obligation to repay the loan, and sign a master promissory note, which indicates that you agree to the loan terms.

For undergraduate students who get (or got) loans after July 1, 2025 and before July 1, 2026, the interest rate for Direct Subsidized Loans is 6.39%.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

Like a Direct Subsidized Loan, a Direct Unsubsidized Loan comes from the federal government, but graduate and professional students can also receive these loans.

Unlike Direct Subsidized Loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans are non-need based and the government does not pay the interest while you’re in school, during any deferment, and during the grace period. You will be responsible for paying all interest, which begins accruing as soon as the loan is dispersed.

For undergraduate students who get (or got) loans after July 1, 2025 and before July 1, 2026, the interest rate for Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 6.39%.

For graduate or professional students, the interest rate for Direct Unsubsidized loans is 7.94%.

It’s worth noting that for both types of Direct loans, you do not need to undergo a credit check in order to qualify. These types of loans also have annual and aggregate loan limits.

Direct PLUS Loan

Parents of undergraduate students and graduate or professional students can receive a Direct PLUS Loan from a school that participates in the Direct Loan Program. Some schools call this loan type a parent PLUS loan or grad PLUS loan to differentiate the two.

For Direct PLUS Loans first disbursed on or after July 1, 2025, and before July 1, 2026, the interest rate is 8.94%.

You’ll undergo a credit check as a parent or a graduate/professional student to look for adverse events, but eligibility does not depend on your credit scores.

(Note: As of July 1, 2026, Federal Direct PLUS Loans for graduate students will no longer be available. Federal Direct Loans will remain, however, and are available to graduate and professional students.)


💡 Quick Tip: Parents and sponsors with strong credit and income may find competitive rates on no-fees-required private parent student loans than federal parent PLUS loans. Federal PLUS loans also come with an origination fee.

Beyond Federal Student Loans

Do you have to file the FAFSA? No, it’s not required, but it is a good idea to do so. Schools, states, and other programs also use the FAFSA to determine merit-based grants and scholarships.

Aside from federal loans, here’s a look at other ways to pay for college.

Savings

Some parents, and grandparents, prepare for the task of paying for college well in advance using a tax-advantaged savings account, such as a 529 account. A 529 plan allows your savings to grow tax-free, and some states even offer a tax deduction on your contributions.The advantage of tapping into savings is obvious: You don’t have to borrow funds and pay interest.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans come from a bank, credit union, or other private lender. Loan limits vary by lender, but you can often get up to the total cost of attendance for school. Each lender sets its own interest rate and you can often choose to go with a fixed or variable rate. Unlike some federal loans, qualification is not need-based. However, you will need to undergo a credit check, and students often need a cosigner.

You generally want to exhaust federal loan options before turning to private student loans, since private loans generally don’t offer the borrower protections — like income-based repayment and forbearance — that come with federal student loans.

Grants

Grants, which are typically need-based, are a type of financial aid that students generally don’t have to repay. The federal grant program includes the Pell Grant, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, and Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant.

A student can seek other grants from their state, their college or career school, or another organization.

Scholarships

Scholarships, like grants, are a type of financial aid that you don’t have to pay back. Scholarships are available through a wide variety of sources, including professional organizations, your job or your parents’ jobs, local organizations, religious groups, your college or career school, and more.

There are a number of scholarship finders available online.

Part-Time Work

Even if you don’t qualify for work-study, you can look for a part-time job. If you have the time and energy to pair a part-time job with your studies, you can consider doing so after classes or on the weekends. Part-time work can help you pay for school or additional expenses, such as rent or groceries.

The Takeaway

There are no income limits for filing the FAFSA, and completing it can open the door to a wide range of financial aid opportunities — from need-based grants and work-study programs to merit aid and federal loans. Even if you or your parents earn a higher income, submitting the FAFSA early ensures you won’t miss out on potential opportunities to lower the cost of college.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

Can you get financial aid if your parents make over $100K?

The U.S. Department of Education doesn’t have an official income cutoff to qualify for federal financial aid. The reason is that the formula for determining need-based aid is complex and involves more than just your parents’ income. Assets, the size of your family, your school’s cost of attendance, and other factors all go into deciding how much aid you can receive.

Also keep in mind that not all financial aid is need-based, including Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans and institutional merit aid. That’s why it’s important to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) each year.

How are FAFSA income limits different for divorced parents?

For the FAFSA®, the parent who provided more financial support to you over the past 12 months is responsible for completing the FAFSA, regardless of who you live with. If the parent who provides greater financial support has remarried, your stepparent’s income and asset information must also be reported on the FAFSA.

Are FAFSA income limits different for independent students?

No. The U.S. Department of Education uses the same formula for calculating aid regardless of whether you are a dependent or independent student.

That said, independent students may receive more aid than dependent students simply because they tend to have less income and fewer assets to report. You can qualify as an independent student if you are at least 24 years old, married, a graduate or professional student, a veteran, a member of the armed forces, an orphan or a ward of the court, or taking care of legal dependents.

About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/Prostock-Studio

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOISL-Q325-144