Apr
07
2025
Do I Need Life Insurance?
If you’re trying to decide if you need life insurance, ask yourself: Would anyone be put at risk financially if I weren’t around anymore?
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Apr
07
2025
A Comprehensive Guide to Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
U.S. government-backed securities like Treasury bills (T-bills) provide a way to invest with minimal risk. These debt instruments are one of several different types of Treasury securities including Treasury notes (T-notes) and Treasury bonds (T-bonds).
Unlike other treasuries, however, T-bills don’t pay interest. Rather, investors buy T-bills at a discount to par (the face value).
Investors looking for a low-risk investment with a short time horizon and a modest return may find T-bills an attractive investment. T-bills have minimal default risk and maturities of a year or less. But Treasury bill rates are typically lower than those of some other investments.
Key Points
• T-bills are short-term investments that offer a guaranteed rate of return.
• Investors don’t receive coupon, or interest, payments. The return is the discount rate.
• T-bills have a near-zero risk of default.
• Investors can buy T-bills directly from TreasuryDirect.gov, or on the secondary market using a brokerage account.
What Is a Treasury Bill (T-Bill)?
Treasury bills are debt instruments issued by the U.S. government. They are short-term securities and are issued with maturity dates ranging from 4 weeks to one year. It may be possible to buy T-bills on the secondary market with maturities as short as a few days.
How Treasury Bills Work
Essentially, when an individual buys a T-bill, they are lending money to the U.S. government. In general, T-bills are considered very low risk, since they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, which has never defaulted on its debts.
T-bills are sold at a discount to their par, or face value. They are essentially zero-coupon bonds. They don’t pay interest, unlike other types of Treasuries (and coupon bonds); rather the difference between the discount price and the face value is like an interest payment.
T-Bill Purchase Example
While all securities have a face value, also known as the par value, typically investors purchase Treasury bills at a discount to par. Then, when the T-bill matures, investors receive the full face value amount. So, if they purchased a treasury bill for less than it was worth, they would receive a greater amount when it matures.
Example
Suppose an investor purchases a 52-week T-bill for $4,500 with a par value of $5,000, a 5% discount. Since the government promises to repay the full value of the T-bill when it expires, the investors will receive $5,000 at maturity, and realize a profit or yield of $500.
In the example above, the discount rate of the T-bill is 5% — and that is also the yield. But examples aside, the actual 52-week Treasury bill rate, as of Feb. 1, 2024, is 4.46%.
Recommended: How to Buy Treasury Bills, Bonds, and Notes
T-Bill Maturities
Understanding the maturity date of a T-bill is important. This is the length of time you’ll hold the bill before you redeem it for the full face value. Maturity dates affect the discount rate, with longer maturities generally offering a higher discount/return, but interest rates will influence the discount.
The government issues T-bills at regular auctions, in four-, eight-, 13-, 17-, 26-, and 52-week terms, in increments ranging from $100 to $10 million. The minimum T-bill purchase from TreasuryDirect.gov is $100.
Some investors may create ladders (similar to bond ladders), which allow them to roll their T-bills at maturity into more T-bills. Although T-bill rates are fixed, and because their maturities are so short, they don’t have much sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations.
💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.
How to Purchase T-Bills
You can purchase T-bills at regular government auctions on TreasuryDirect, or on the secondary market, from your brokerage account.
Buying From Treasury Direct
Noncompetitive bids: With a noncompetitive bill, the investor accepts the discount prices that were established at the Treasuries auction, which are an average of the bids submitted.
Since the investor will receive the full value of the T-bill when the term expires, some investors often favor this simple technique of investing in T-bills.
Competitive bid: With a competitive bid, all investors propose the discount rate they are prepared to pay for a given T-bill. The lowest discount rate offers are selected first. If investors don’t propose enough low bids to complete the entire order, the auction will move onto the next lowest bid and so on until the entire order is filled.
Buying and Selling on the Secondary Market
Another option is to purchase or sell T-bills on the secondary market, using a standard brokerage account.
Investors can also trade exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or mutual funds that may include T-bills that were released in the past.
Redemption and Interest Earnings on T-Bills
As noted above, although T-bills are debt instruments and an investor’s loan is repaid “with interest,” T-Bills don’t have a coupon payment the way some bonds do. Rather, investors buy T-bills at a discount, and the difference between the lower purchase price and the higher face value is effectively the interest payment when the T-bill matures.
When a T-bill matures, investors can redeem it for cash at Treasury.gov.
T-bill purchases and redemptions are now fully digital. Paper T-bills are no longer available.
Tax Implications for T-Bill Investors
Gains from all Treasuries, including T-bills, are taxed at the federal level; i.e. they are taxed as income on your federal income tax return.
Treasury gains are exempt from state and local income tax.
Comparing T-Bills to Treasury Notes and Bonds
The U.S. government offers a number of debt instruments, including Treasury Bills, Notes, and Bonds. The difference between them is their maturity dates, which can also affect interest rates and discount rates.
Treasury Notes
Investors can purchase Treasury notes (or T-notes) in quantities of $1,000 and with terms ranging from two to 10 years. Treasury notes pay interest, known as coupon payments, bi-annually.
Treasury Bonds
Out of all Treasury securities, Treasury bonds have the most extended maturity terms: up to 30 years. Like T-notes, Treasury bonds pay interest every six months. And when the bond matures the entire value of the bond is repaid.
Recommended: How to Buy Bonds: A Guide for Beginners
Considerations When Investing in T-Bills
Like any other investments, it’s important to understand how T-bills work, the pros and cons, and how they can fit into your portfolio.
What Influences T-Bill Prices in the Market?
Although any T-bill you buy offers a guaranteed yield at maturity, because T-bills are short-term debt the discount rates (and therefore the yield) can fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including market conditions, interest rates, and inflation.
The Role of Maturity Dates and Market Risk
Generally, the longer the maturity date of the bill, the higher the returns. But if interest rates are predicted to rise over time, that could make existing T-bills less desirable, which could affect their price on the secondary market. It’s possible, then, that an investor could sell a T-bill for lower than what they paid for it.
Federal Reserve Policies and Inflation Concerns
It’s also important to consider the role of the Federal Reserve Bank, which sets the federal funds target rate, for overnight lending between banks. When the fed funds rate is lower, banks have more money to lend, but when it’s higher there’s less money circulating.
Thus the fed funds rate has an impact on the cost of lending across the board, which impacts inflation, purchasing power — and T-bill rates and prices as well. As described, T-bill rates are fixed, so as interest rates rise, the price of T-bills drops because they become less desirable.
By the same token, when the Fed lowers interest rates that tends to favor T-bills. Investors buy up the higher-yield bills, driving up prices on the secondary market.
How Can Investors Decide on Maturity Terms?
Bear in mind that because the maturity terms of T-bills are relatively short — they’re issued with six terms (four, six, 13, 17, 26 and 52 weeks) — it’s possible to redeem the T-bills you buy relatively quickly.
T-bill rates vary according to their maturity, so that will influence which term will work for you.
💡 Quick Tip: It’s smart to invest in a range of assets so that you’re not overly reliant on any one company or market to do well. For example, by investing in different sectors you can add diversification to your portfolio, which may help mitigate some risk factors over time.
Advantages and Disadvantages of T-Bills
Advantages of T-Bills
• They are a low-risk investment. Since they are backed in the full faith of the U.S. government, there is a slim to none chance of default.
• They have a low barrier to entry. In other words, investors who don’t have a lot of money to invest can invest a small amount of money while earning a return, starting at $100.
• They can help diversify a portfolio. Diversifying a portfolio helps investors minimize risk exposure by spreading funds across various investment opportunities of varying risks and potential returns.
Disadvantages of T-Bills
• Low yield. T-bills provide a lower yield compared to other higher-yield bonds or investments such as stocks. So, for investors looking for higher yields, Treasury bills might not be the way to go.
• Inflation risk exposure. T-bills are exposed to risks such as inflation. If the inflation rate is 4% and a T-bill has a discount rate of 2%, for example, it wouldn’t make sense to invest in T-bills—the inflation exceeds the return an investor would receive, and they would lose money on the investment.
Using Treasury Bills to Diversify
Investing all of one’s money into one asset class leaves an investor exposed to a higher rate of risk of loss. To mitigate risk, investors may turn to diversification as an investing strategy.
With diversification, investors place their money in an assortment of investments — from stocks and bonds to real estate and alternative investments — rather than placing all of their money in one investment. With more sophisticated diversification, investors can diversify within each asset class and sector to truly ensure all investments are spread out.
For example, to reduce the risk of economic uncertainty that tends to impact stocks, investors may choose to invest in the U.S. Treasury securities, such as mutual funds that carry T-bills, to offset these stocks’ potentially negative performance. Since the U.S. Treasuries tend to perform well in such environments, they may help minimize an investor’s loss from stocks not performing.
The Takeaway
Treasury bills are one investment opportunity in which an investor is basically lending money to the government for the short term. While the return on T-bills may be lower than the typical return on other investments, the risk is also much lower, as the US government backs these bills.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
About the author
Ashley Kilroy
Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.
Photo credit: iStock/Marco VDM
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.
For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.
Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
SOIN1023135
Apr
07
2025
What Are Banks? Definition and Explanation
You may think of a bank as simply a safe place to put your money. But banks do a lot more than accept deposits. They also extend loans, facilitate payments, exchange currency, set monetary policy, and provide a range of other financial services to individuals, businesses, and governments. Here are key things to know about banks, including how they work, how they make money, and the different products and services they offer.
What Is a Bank?
By definition, a bank is an institution that accepts deposits in checking and savings accounts and makes loans. In serving both functions, banks act as intermediaries between depositors (who essentially lend money to the bank) and borrowers (to whom the bank lends money). The money the bank pays to depositors and charges on loans is called interest.
Banks also offer a range of other financial products and services, including:
• Credit cards
• Investment accounts
• Wealth management services
• Individual retirement accounts (IRAs)
• Certificates of deposit (CDs)
• Money market accounts
• Currency exchange
• Safe deposit boxes
Banks also facilitate payments — from employers to employees, buyers to sellers, and taxpayers to the government — and play a major role in the nation’s economy. There are also many different types of banks, including retail banks, corporate banks, and central banks.
How Do Banks Make Money?
Banks typically generate revenue through a variety of channels. These include:
• Interest on loans: Banks lend money to individuals and businesses at higher interest rates than what they pay on deposits, earning the interest rate spread.
• Fees: Banks may charge fees for various services, including account maintenance, overdrafts, wire transfers, and out-of-network ATM usage.
• Investment income: Banks may invest in securities, bonds, and other financial instruments, earning returns on these investments.
• Interchange fees: When customers use their debit or credit cards, banks earn fees from merchants processing the transactions.
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A Brief History of Banks
The concept of banking dates back to ancient civilizations, when temples were used as safe places to store valuable items and grain, and priests would lend these resources to local farmers and merchants. The temples were also responsible for keeping records of these transactions, laying the groundwork for bookkeeping.
The first modern banks emerged in Renaissance Italy, with institutions like the Medici Bank setting the standard for banking operations. Over centuries, banks evolved, expanding their products and services and adopting technological advancements to meet the growing demands of consumers and businesses. Today, banks are integral to the global economy.
Modern Bank Products for Consumers
Modern banks offer a variety of products tailored to meet the financial needs of consumers. Common banking products include:
Loans
Banks provide various types of consumer loans, such as mortgages, personal loans, and auto loans. These loans help individuals finance large purchases and manage their cash flow.
Savings and Checking Accounts
Savings and checking accounts are fundamental banking products. A savings account is designed to hold cash you don’t need right away and allow you to earn interest and grow your money over time.
Checking accounts are set up to offer easy access to funds for everyday transactions. They come with checks and typically a debit card that can be used for purchases or to withdraw funds at an ATM. Checking accounts generally earn little or no interest, though some banks now offer high-yield checking accounts.
Mortgages
Banks offer mortgage loans to help individuals purchase homes. These long-term loans typically come with fixed or variable interest rates and generally require you to use the property being purchased as collateral for the loan. Mortgage terms are typically 15, 20, or 30 years.
Investing Accounts
Many banks offer investment accounts, including IRAs and taxable brokerage accounts. These accounts enable customers to invest in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other financial instruments designed for long-term growth.
Credit Cards
Credit cards provide consumers with a revolving line of credit, allowing them to make purchases and pay for them over time. Banks earn interest and fees from credit card users, making it a significant revenue source.
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
CDs are time deposits that offer a fixed interest rate for a specified term. You agree to leave your money in the account for a set period of time (which generally range from three months to five years). In return, these accounts typically pay a higher interest rate than a standard savings account.
Money Market Accounts
A money market account is a hybrid account that offers competitive interest on your balance, along with the conveniences of a checking account, such as a debit card and checks. However, you may be limited to a certain number of withdrawals per month. Some money market accounts also have minimum balance requirements.
Useful Bank Features
In addition to products, banks offer various services to help customers manage their money. Here are some features you may want to look out for when exploring different bank options.
Customer Support
Banks typically offer customer support through various channels, including phone, email, online chat, and in-person assistance. Whether you need assistance with your checking account or help choose between two banking products, a customer service rep can generally point you in the right direction.
Credit Score Checkers
Many banks offer tools that allow customers to monitor their credit scores for free. This service allows you to stay informed about your credit health and, if necessary, take steps to build your scores. Having strong credit can help you unlock credit cards, mortgages, and other types of loans with attractive rates and terms.
ATMs
Whether you open an account at a traditional brick-and-mortar institution or an online-only bank, you’ll typically have access to a wide network of fee-free automated teller machines (ATMs). This allows you to withdraw cash or make deposits without needing to visit a branch during business hours.
Online/Mobile Banking
Online banking and mobile banking apps allow you to monitor your accounts, transfer money, pay bills, and deposit checks from your computer or mobile device.
Financial Planning Tools
Many banks offer financial planning tools that help customers budget, save, and invest wisely. These tools can include calculators, goal-setting features, and personalized financial advice.
Bank Regulations
While banks are typically privately owned entities that must answer to their shareholders, banking is a highly regulated industry. Regulatory bodies, such as the Federal Reserve, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), oversee banks’ operations, ensuring they adhere to laws and maintain sufficient capital reserves. This is to minimize disruptions and ensure the U.S. banking system runs smoothly.
The majority of U.S. banks are also insured by the FDIC. This covers deposit accounts up to $250,000 per insured bank, per depositor. Co-owners of joint accounts at the same bank are typically each insured up to $250,000. The agency’s BankFind site can help you identify FDIC-insured banks throughout the country.
Types of Banks
There are several different types of banks, each serving different purposes and customer bases. The large global banks often operate separate arms or divisions for each of these categories.
Retail Banks
Retail banks focus on individual consumers, rather than businesses or other banks. They provide personal banking services, such as checking and savings accounts, personal loans, mortgages, auto loans, short-term loans like overdraft protection, and credit cards. They may also offer access to investment products, such as mutual funds and IRAs.
While some retail banks offer in-person services through brick-and-mortar locations, others operate exclusively online. Due to lower overhead costs, online banks tend to offer higher yields on savings accounts and charge lower (or no) fees.
Recommended: What Is Neobanking and How Does it Work?
Corporate Banks
Corporate banks (also known as commercial banks) cater to large businesses and corporations. They also serve government agencies and institutions like colleges and universities. Along with business checking and savings accounts, these banks offer business loans and lines of credit, letters of credit, payment processing, foreign exchange transactions, and more for their clients.
Investment Banks
Investment banks serve as intermediaries in large, complex financial transactions. They specialize in initial public offerings (IPOs), raising capital, facilitating mergers and acquisitions, and providing advisory services to corporations and governments. Unlike retail banks, they do not take deposits from or provide loans to the general public.
Central Banks
Central banks manage a nation’s monetary policy, regulate the banking industry, and act as a lender of last resort. The central bank in the U.S. is the Federal Reserve (a.k.a, “the Fed”). The Fed sets the federal funds rates, which impacts everything from the annual percentage yields (APYs) you earn on savings accounts to the interest rates you pay on credit card balances and loans. Unlike the banks types listed above, central banks do not deal directly with the public.
Pros and Cons of Banks
Retail and commercial banks offer myriad benefits, but they also have some downsides. Here’s a look at how the pros and cons stack up.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Safe and secure | Potential fees for various services |
| Easy access to funds | Lower interest rates on deposits |
| Wide range of services | Potentially complex fee structures |
| Highly regulated | Potential for poor customer service |
Pros
• Safety: Banks provide a secure place to store money, reducing the risk of theft or loss. Deposits in most banks are federally insured (up to certain limits), which means that even if the bank were to fail, customers will still recover their funds, up to the insured limit.
• Convenient access to funds: Banks offer easy access to funds through a network of branches, ATMs, and digital banking platforms.
• One-stop shop: Banks provide a variety of financial services beyond basic checking and savings accounts, allowing you to manage all aspects of your finances under one roof.
• Regulatory protection: Banks are heavily regulated by government agencies. These regulations protect consumers from fraud, ensure the safety of deposits, and promote ethical banking practices.
Cons
• Fees: Banks often charge fees for their services, including fees for account maintenance, overdrafts, and wire transfers.
• Low interest rates: Many banks offer relatively low interest rates on savings accounts and other deposit accounts. These rates often fail to keep pace with inflation, which can diminish the purchasing power of your savings over time.
• Complex fee structures: The complexity of bank fees can create confusion for customers and result in unexpected expenses.
• Potential for poor customer service: Large banks may offer impersonal or poor customer service due to their size and scale.
Banks vs Credit Unions
While banks and credit unions offer similar financial services, there are key differences between them. Here’s a closer look:
Ownership
Banks,typically, are owned by shareholders and operate for profit. Credit unions, by contrast, are owned by their members and operate on a not-for-profit basis. The main goal of a credit union is to benefit its members.
Fees and Interest Rates
Credit unions often offer lower fees and better interest rates on loans and savings accounts compared to traditional banks, as they are not driven by maximizing profits.
Membership
Banks are open to the general public. Credit unions require membership, which may be based on specific criteria such as employment, geographic location, or affiliation with a particular organization.
Customer Service
Credit unions tend to provide more personalized customer service due to their smaller size and member-focused approach. While small banks can also offer personalized customer service, larger banks may lack the personal touch.
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Getting Started Banking With SoFi
A bank is an excellent resource to help manage your money. You can deposit funds for safekeeping, manage everyday spending, and invest for the future. Understanding the products, services, and perks offered by different banks can help you find the institution for your needs.
Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.
FAQ
How do banks make money?
Banks primarily make money by lending out deposits at higher interest rates than they pay to depositors, earning the interest rate spread. They also earn money from the fees they charge for account maintenance, overdrafts, and transactions. Additionally, banks may invest in securities and earn returns.
Why do they call it a bank?
The term “bank” is thought to originate from the Italian word “banca,” which means bench or counter. In medieval times, moneylenders conducted their business on benches in marketplaces, and the term evolved to represent financial institutions.
What is a bank, simply put?
Simply put, a bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits and makes loans. Banks also play a key role in a nation’s economy, facilitating the management and movement of money for individuals, businesses, and governments.
About the author
Ashley Kilroy
Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.
Photo credit: iStock/Pgiam
SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.
Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 11/12/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet
Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.
Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.
Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.
See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .
External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
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Read moreApr
07
2025
Understanding Core Deposits
Although you may have never heard the term before, core deposits are a basic concept in retail banking. When customers (probably just like you) deposit funds in a checking, savings, or money market account, financial institutions consider this money to be core deposits. Financial institutions then use core deposits to loan money to other consumers and generate profits through interest-bearing investments. So, generally speaking, growing core deposits helps institutions better leverage these funds and earn profits.
Though this may sound like technical knowledge, the truth is that understanding how core deposits work and why they are important can help you better navigate your banking life.
What Is a Core Deposit?
Simply put, core deposits are a stable source of capital for financial institutions like banks and credit unions. It’s money that consumers deposit and that the bank then turns around and uses elsewhere. For instance, those funds could be part of a loan. Core deposits usually include individual savings accounts, business savings accounts, and money market accounts.
In addition, financial institutions may offer incentives to encourage consumers to deposit money in a specific account to increase their core deposits. Building their capital with core deposits can have an array of advantages for a financial institution, including boosting revenue.
How To Calculate Core Deposits
Given that core deposits can reflect a bank’s health, it may be valuable at times to figure out how much a financial institution has. This may be a bit technical for a typical layperson, but here is the technique.
• To calculate core deposits, one can look at the balance sheet or deposit footnotes that consist of checking, savings, and money market deposits. Ideally, it’s best to leave out particular broker or certificate deposits since both deposit accounts tend to follow rates and involve higher costs for the financial institution. Banks that are oversaturated with deposits like this may have liquidity issues and struggle to fund their loan portfolio.
• The next step: Compare the number of core deposits to overall deposits to find the ratio of core deposits.
◦ Banks with 85% to 90% core deposit ratios are considered to be solid financial institutions.
◦ Additionally, banks should generally have a substantial percentage of non-interest-bearing deposits, consisting of about 30% of total deposits. That ratio of 30% or higher also indicates that a financial institution is in good health.
Recommended: When Will Direct Deposit Hit My Account?
Methods for Increasing Core Deposits
The success of a financial institution relies on the growth of its core deposits. For this reason, financial institutions continually look for ways to attract and retain their customer base and increase those deposits. It’s critical to success.
Here are some strategies financial institutions implement to grow their core deposits.
Cultivating Relationships
Banks can boost core deposits by cultivating relationships with their current customers. After a consumer puts their money in the institution (whether by setting up the direct deposit process, electronically, or with a teller or ATM), they are now a client. The bank or credit union can focus on nurturing that relationship, so the consumer uses the bank for all of their banking needs. Perhaps they will move a savings or business account that they keep elsewhere to this bank.
What’s more, if the customer feels valued, they will likely share their experience with friends and family (you may have done this in your own banking life, for instance). This good word of mouth can lead to the growth of core deposits and strengthen the financial organization.
There are a variety of ways to cultivate better customer relationships. With account holders who bank at brick-and-mortar institutions, one technique is to enhance interactions with the staff. For example, a teller or bank representative might suggest personalized products to meet a client’s needs, such as one of the different kinds of deposit accounts. Online banks can also glean their customers’ needs and create tailored offers with incentives, like a cash bonus or additional services (say, budgeting help).
Another initiative might be to reach out to high net worth clients to personalize the relationship, knowing that these individuals are likely to have cash to deposit. Banks that pay attention to their customer’s needs and make an effort to add special touches can improve customer satisfaction, increasing core deposits.
Recommended: How to Deposit Cash at an ATM
Bolstered Online Services
In today’s world of digital financial management, enhancing online services can encourage more customers to deposit funds at a financial institution and potentially do so in larger amounts. Having the latest bells and whistles, such as seamless spending and saving tracking and the most advanced biometric security measures, can be a big plus.
This can be an especially good tactic for smaller financial institutions. Community banks may struggle with growing core deposits. If an institution like this has limited capital, enhancing online services can be an important avenue to pump up those core deposits. Improved online banking services may well cost a fraction of what it does to bolster a physical bank branch. Creating digital services can also help the bank reach more consumers. While a bank branch may generate between 75 and 100 new accounts per month, a digital branch could help increase this number by hundreds.
When opening a new account, many consumers choose to compare options online first. Even if a bank has competitive rates and has conveniently located branches, prospective account holders may choose competing banks if they rank higher on search engines. For this reason, creating an online presence and digital services that are as strong as possible can grow the number of deposits.
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Offer Tailored Services
Financial institutions that offer tailored services to particular industries or specialized banking products can attract consumers who value these services. For example, banks can identify niches or target audiences in their community that provide the most deposit advantages. If they are doing business in an area known for an abundance of hospitals, a niche bank might develop more banking products and services that meet the needs of healthcare professionals (say, ways to pay off student loans faster). They can mold an incentive strategy around the industry to attract more customers and core deposits.
Recommended: Understanding Funds Availability Rules
Banking and the FDIC
A financial institution must strike a balance between core deposits being available for consumers to withdraw funds and their cash being used to make loans and otherwise generate revenue. (After all, one of the ways a bank makes money is based on charging a higher interest rate on loans than is paid on deposits.)
There are governmental guidelines for this: All financial institutions must have bank reserves, a percentage of deposits they must hold and have available as cash. In the past, this figure has ranged between 3% and 10%. But as of 2020 and the COVID-19 crisis, this requirement was lowered to 0% to stimulate the economy. So, since banks are not required to set aside any deposits, if all of the depositors requested total withdrawals from their accounts, the bank wouldn’t have enough money to fulfill this request.
That’s where the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) comes in and can insure core deposits. Here’s how much does the FDIC insure: up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership category, per insured institution. So even in the very unlikely event that a bank were to fail, consumers will have this amount covered.
The Takeaway
Core deposits — the funds put in checking, savings, and money market accounts — help banks make money and offer loans to consumers. Growing core deposits is vital to an institution’s success, and this goal can be achieved in a variety of ways, including offering more personalized services and more online banking capabilities.
If you are interested in accessing state-of-the-art benefits of digital banking, see what SoFi offers.
Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.
FAQ
What is the difference between core deposits and purchased deposits?
Core deposits are typically stable bank deposits, such as those in checking accounts and time deposits. Purchased deposits are rate-sensitive funding sources that banks use. These purchased deposits are more volatile and, as rates change, more likely to be withdrawn or swapped out.
What is a non-core deposit?
Non-core deposits are certificates of deposit or money market accounts that have a specified rate of interest over their term.
How much does FDIC cover?
The FDIC covers up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership category, per insured institution in the very unlikely event of a bank failure.
About the author
Ashley Kilroy
Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.
Photo credit: iStock/MicroStockHub
SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.
Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 11/12/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet
Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.
Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.
Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.
See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
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Apr
04
2025
What Is a Swaption? Guide to Understanding Swap Options
Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.
A swaption, or swap option, is a financial derivative that grants the holder the right — but not the obligation — to enter into an interest rate swap contract with specified terms. Swaptions are primarily used to hedge interest rate risk, but can also serve other strategic financial purposes.
Swaptions are often used to manage interest rate exposure, giving the holder flexibility to secure favorable borrowing or lending terms depending on market conditions. Read on for how they work, the different types, pros and cons, and more.
Key Points
• A swaption is an option giving the buyer the right, though not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date.
• Swaptions offers investors flexibility in managing interest rate risk.
• The upfront premium reflects factors like market volatility, time until expiration, and expected interest rate movements.
• Swaptions can be used to lock in favorable rates or hedge against rate movements.
• Exercising a swaption depends on market conditions and the swap’s terms.
How Swaptions Work
As mentioned above, a swaption is an option on a swap rate. Like other types of options contracts, the buyer pays a premium to enter into the swaption, and beyond that they are not obligated to act on the contract.
Although swaptions are a type of option, they are financial derivatives that provide the right to enter into a swap agreement. Similarities to swaps include:
• They are traded over-the-counter instead of on centralized exchanges.
• They are customizable and offer a lot of flexibility since they are not standardized exchange products.
When two parties enter a swaption agreement, they negotiate the terms of the contract, such as the premium, expiration date, notional amount, the swap’s legs (fixed vs. floating), benchmark rate,and the adjustment frequency of the variable leg.
Recommended: Options Trading 101 Guide
Who Often Uses Swaptions
Swaptions are typically used by institutional investors instead of retail investors, while retail investors rarely trade them. Some private banks offer swaptions to high-net-worth clients. Large corporations, investment banks, commercial banks, and hedge funds use them for various purposes. It takes a lot of work and experience to create a portfolio of swaptions, so they generally aren’t used by individuals or small firms.
They are often used to hedge against macroeconomic risks such as interest rate risk or securities risks. If an institution thinks interest rates might change, they can enter into an agreement to protect against that. Financial institutions can also use them to change their interest payoff terms.
Swap options tend to be used to hedge specific financings, but they can also be used to hedge a broader change in future interest rates. This can be useful if an institution holds a lot of debt maturities for the year and doesn’t want to risk losses.
A swaption’s strike price represents the fixed interest rate at which the swap will execute if the option is exercised. The holder’s risk is limited to the upfront premium, but the potential benefit depends on how market rates compare to the strike price at expiration.
Swaptions can be purchased in most major currencies, such as the U.S. Dollar, Euro, and British Pound.
Recommended: Popular Options Trading Terminology to Know
What Are the Different Types of Swaptions?
Swaptions come in two main types: payer and receiver. Both types give the holder the right to enter an interest rate swap, but the difference comes down to whether the buyer chooses to pay or receive a fixed interest rate if the option is exercised.
Payer Swaption
If a buyer enters into a payer swaption, they are purchasing the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a future swap contract. When exercised, the buyer would become the fixed-rate (non-changing) payer and receive the floating rate (variable) payments.
Fixed interest rates remain constant for the duration of a loan. Floating rates change based on a benchmark interest rate. Historically, the most common reference rate was the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), but that has been largely phased out in favor of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) in the United States and Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR) in Europe. These institutions determine interbank lending interest rates, which then influence commercial and retail loan interest rates.
Receiver Swaption
In a receiver swaption contract, the swap holder has the option to pay the floating rate and receive the fixed rate. These contracts are often used by investors who anticipate falling interest rates and want to lock in a higher fixed return.
When Can a Swaption Be Exercised?
There are also swaptions that have different terms of execution. The three most common are:
American
American swaptions can be exercised on any date prior to and including the expiration date. This flexibility makes them useful for hedging against unpredictable interest rate movements.
European
European options can only be exercised on the expiration date, making them less flexible. They are often easier to price and value since they don’t require continuous monitoring.
Bermudan
Bermudan swaptions have several specific dates when they can be exercised prior to the expiration date. This structure provides a balance between flexibility and cost, often making them cheaper than American swaptions.
Swaption Example
A borrower wants to purchase rate protection on their current floating rate debt maturities totaling $50 million. They decide that they would like to purchase the right, but not the obligation, to pay a fixed rate on their debts for ten years.
For this right, they are willing to take on the risk of 10-year interest rates up to 3.8%, but no higher than that.
The borrower enters into a swaption agreement with a settlement date in the current year, for a notional amount of $50 million, with a 10-year term and a 3.8% strike price. In the context of swaptions, the strike price represents an interest rate rather than a fixed dollar amount. The premium for this contract is $400,000.
Including the premium, the rate is actually hedged higher than 3.8%, but for the sake of this example we will call the strike 3.8%.
If the strike is lower or the settlement date is farther in the future, this increases the value of the swaption and therefore increases the cost of the premium.
The borrower enters into this agreement to hedge against a large increase in swap rates but without choosing a specific rate they want when the contract expires.
It’s important to note that the swaption isn’t tied to the 10-year Treasury, it’s tied to 10-year swap rates, although their movements tend to be related. Also, swaptions are derivatives, so they aren’t the underlying assets themselves, but contracts derived from rates or assets.
When the settlement date occurs, there are two ways the swaption could turn out:
1. If 10-year swap rates fall below 3.8%, the option contract expires worthless, the swaption seller (or counterparty) keeps the premium, and the borrower must enter a new swap at the prevailing market rate.
2. If 10-year swap rates are higher than 3.8%, the borrower exercises the option. In this case the provider of the swaption pays the borrower the difference between the swap rate and 3.8%. The borrower locks in the current swap rate for a swap agreement, and uses the payment they received to buy down the rate on this new swap.
Pros and Cons of Swaptions
There are a few reasons why financial institutions use swaptions, but there can be downsides to them as well. Some of the pros and cons of swap options are:
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Pros:
• Helps hedge against risk when interest rates may rise.
• Swaptions can have longer durations than other types of options.
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Cons:
• If the swaption expires and is not unexercised, the buyer loses the premium amount they put in.
• There is a risk of the other party defaulting on the agreement.
The Takeaway
Entering into swaption agreements is one type of options trading strategy commonly used by institutional investors. They are usually used to help with restructuring a current financial position, alter a portfolio, hedge options positions on bonds, or adjust payoff profiles.
Swaptions are primarily used by institutional investors for hedging and risk management. Retail investors more commonly trade standard stock options — such as calls and puts — on stocks, exchange traded funds (ETFs), and other types of assets to speculate on price movements or manage portfolio risk. There are other types of options on the market that retail investors often trade.
SoFi’s options trading platform offers qualified investors the flexibility to pursue income generation, manage risk, and use advanced trading strategies. Investors may buy put and call options or sell covered calls and cash-secured puts to speculate on the price movements of stocks, all through a simple, intuitive interface.
With SoFi Invest® online options trading, there are no contract fees and no commissions. Plus, SoFi offers educational support — including in-app coaching resources, real-time pricing, and other tools to help you make informed decisions, based on your tolerance for risk.
🛈 SoFi does not offer swap options at this time.
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.
For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
SOIN-Q125-073
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