How to Save Money on Gas

How to Save Money on Gas

With gasoline and home heating oil prices surging since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, consumers are looking for ways to cut their gas bills.

Crude oil prices have risen to their highest level since 2014 amid the war in Ukraine, which began in February 2022 — and has no clear path for a ceasefire in sight. Gasoline and heating oil are some of the petroleum products derived from crude oil, so higher gasoline and heating oil prices may be around for some time.

Fortunately, motorists and homeowners can save money on gas by embracing energy-efficient practices. Here are some of the easiest ways to reduce the pain both at the pump and when paying for heating costs.

15 Ways to Pay Less for Gas for Your Car and Home

Here are 15 ways you can pay less on fuel for your car and home heating system:

1. Follow the Speed Limit

Following the speed limit can help you save money on gas. In general, gas mileage decreases rapidly as you accelerate above 50 mph. Driving 55 mph rather than 65 mph can improve your gas mileage by 15%, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

2. Avoid Aggressive Driving

Aggressive driving, including speeding and rapid acceleration, can lower your gas mileage by 33% on the highway and by 5% on city roadways. Motorists who avoid aggressive driving can realize cost-savings by burning less fuel on roads and highways.

3. Remove Unnecessary Weight

Removing unnecessary weight from your vehicle can save money on gas. Storing an extra 100 pounds in your vehicle could reduce your miles per gallon by up to 2%, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

4. Use Cruise Control on Highways

Using cruise control on highways can help you save up to 14% on gas by maintaining a continuous speed. Constantly accelerating and decelerating burns more fuel, which gives you less bang for your buck on the road.

5. Keep Tires Properly Inflated

Keeping your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by 3%. Conversely, driving with underinflated tires can decrease your gas mileage by 0.3% for each unit drop in pounds per square inch (psi) of air pressure.

6. Stick With Regular Gasoline

Gasoline prices vary by their octane level, with regular being the cheapest and premium being the most expensive. Unless your car requires premium fuel, you can save money by sticking with unleaded regular gasoline as opposed to choosing midgrade or premium alternatives.

President Joe Biden has predicted gas prices will go up further as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The potential for crude oil prices to continue rising may motivate some observers to invest in energy stocks. Others may see this as an ideal time to invest in utilities.

7. Don’t Idle When Parked

Allowing your car engine to run idle while parked is wasteful. Idling can consume up to half a gallon of fuel per hour, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. You can save gas money by turning off your car when it’s parked.

8. Search Online for Cheapest Fuel Stations

Some gas stations may offer cheaper fuel than other gas stations in your geographic area. You can search online for the cheapest gas stations in your area. Websites or apps like GasBuddy can help you find the lowest gas prices in your city or town.

9. Reduce Aerodynamic Drag

Your vehicle has to overcome wind resistance or aerodynamic drag whenever you drive it in the open. Reducing aerodynamic drag can save money on gas, and motorists can reduce aerodynamic drag by driving with the windows closed.

10. Minimize A/C Usage

Minimizing your vehicle’s air conditioner usage can save gas money. Using the air conditioner in some cases can reduce your vehicle’s fuel economy by more than 25%, which is akin to paying more at the pump over time, according to the EPA and U.S. Department of Energy.

11. Clean or Replace Air Filter as Necessary

Cleaning or replacing your vehicle’s air filter as necessary can save gas money, particularly if you’re driving an older vehicle manufactured before 1980. Older vehicles may feature a carbureted engine that becomes less fuel efficient when operating with a clogged air filter, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

12. Get Engine Tune-Ups as Needed

Getting engine tune-ups as needed can improve gas mileage by an average of 4%, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. An engine tune-up is a comprehensive inspection that determines whether any components of the engine need to be replaced.

13. Consider New Vehicle Options

You can consider buying a new or used vehicle with better gas mileage to save money on gas. Consumers can also consider buying all-electric vehicles to move away from gasoline and diesel fuel entirely.

14. Insulate Your Home

Homeowners can save up to 15% on heating and cooling costs by air sealing their homes and adding insulation in attics and other areas of the home, according to the EPA. This could be a worthwhile investment considering how the Ukraine invasion may affect oil, gas, and clean energy investments.

15. Lower Your Thermostat

Homeowners can save money on their home heating bills by setting their thermostats to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The Delaware Public Service Commission says you can save 5% on your home heating costs for every degree you lower your thermostat below 70.

Considering the global economy and looking at oil and natural gas to understand Russia-Ukraine, homeowners in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states may consider thermostat adjustments as a cost-saving measure.

The Takeaway

The price of gasoline and heating oil may stay at its high level – or even rise as the conflict in Eastern Europe continues. Feeling the pinch in their wallets, consumers may want to try changing their habits and practices to be more energy efficient.

Another simple way to save money on gas is to pay for it using a credit card that offers cash back. [cc_three_percent]


Photo credit: iStock/ADragan

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SoFi cardholders earn 2% unlimited cash back rewards when redeemed to save, invest, a statement credit, or pay down eligible SoFi debt.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Tips for Choosing a Medical School

Choosing the Right Medical School

Medical school is a big commitment. Not only will students spend four years of their life working towards a medical degree, but they’ll pay a big chunk of change for it (financing medical school is a major undertaking and can lead to debt). Which is why choosing the right medical school is so important. Keep reading for insight into how to pick the right medical school and how to finance it.

What Is Medical School?

Medical school is a necessary step towards becoming a doctor and generally, it takes four years to complete in order to receive an M.D., N.D., or D.O. degree. After medical school, graduates will need to pursue a medical residency in their specialty before they can become practicing doctors.

Recommended: How to Pay for Medical School

Different Types of Medical Courses

One of the first steps potential medical students can take to find the right medical school for them, is to better understand the different types of medical courses there are. Once they know what type of medical courses they want to take, they can narrow their search to just medical schools that offer those courses.

Traditional Courses

Some medical students may be attracted to more traditional courses that have students finish two years of pre-clinical work before they move on to the three years of clinical work they need to complete to get their degree. Typically, pre-clinical work occurs in a classroom setting. This is where medical students can learn the key principles of medical science. Once they move on to the clinical work portion of their studies, they will need to work in hospitals or clinics with direct supervision, while attending lectures.

This combination educates students on medical practices while making sure they get the hands-on experience they need to use their pre-clinical knowledge in real life situations.

Integrated Courses

Integrated courses are becoming more and more popular at medical schools, as this style, of course, combines pre-clinical and clinical education. In an integrated course, medical students can expect to learn practical clinical skills and work through problem-based learning.

Often in integrated courses, a lot of the students’ work is self-directed and early patient contact is encouraged.

Intercalated Courses

Intercalated courses are unique, as they allow students to take a year out of medical school to earn a BSc or MSc in a related subject. It’s not a guarantee that every medical school will allow students to do this, but in some schools students have the option or are mandated to do intercalated courses.

Recommended: Making Sense of the Rising Cost of Medical School

How to Choose Your Medical School

Every medical student had to ask themself at one point, which medical school is right for me? Here’s a few factors medical students can take into consideration to make answering that very important question easier.

1. Cost

Med school tuition is pricey and it’s not uncommon for students to take on debt for medical school. On top of tuition, students will also need to pay additional costs such as service fees and textbooks.

While medical schools do offer financial aid such as grants and medical school scholarships to their students, it’s important to prepare for the cost of medical school as not everyone receives financial assistance.

Attending an in-state school could help medical students find a lower tuition cost than at out-of-state or private options. For example, at the University of Utah, tuition for medical school if the student lives in-state is about $40,000 a year, whereas out-of-state students can expect to pay closer to $77,000 a year on tuition at the same school.

Each school charges different tuition rates, but generally, staying in-state can save medical students a lot of money.

Recommended: Average Cost of Medical School

2. Programs Offered

Apart from their general MD program, medical schools typically have multiple programs to choose from that lead to different careers paths. Before applying to medical school, students can take into consideration how many different programs are offered, how many students are accepted to each program, how long their ideal program takes to finish, and how that program aligns with their career goals.

3. Admissions Criteria

One of the easiest ways to start a search for the right medical school is by looking for schools where the applicant meets the admissions criteria. Students can do some research on the admissions criteria for each school to make sure their qualifications lineup, as well as what they need to do to apply to each specific school.

4. Location

Location matters. The location of a medical school can affect how much it costs a student to attend, what their housing situation looks like, and what their lifestyles outside of school is like. By choosing a local school, students may be able to save money on tuition or be able to cut costs by living with a family member. Not to mention, some locations simply have a higher cost of living than others. Students can crunch the numbers on what it would cost them to live at each medical school they want to apply to, so they can get a better idea of what attending medical school will cost them as a whole.

5. Career Path Opportunities

There are a wide variety of career opportunities that can arise after medical school and not all of them involve working as a practicing doctor. Medical school graduates can pursue teaching, research, and business opportunities amongst other exciting career paths. Students can check what career path opportunities a school’s curriculum and counseling center support before they apply to get a feel for if that medical school can help them meet their unique career goals.

SoFi’s Private Student Loans For Medical School

Students that need to take out medical school student loans, may find that SoFi’s private student loans can meet their needs. It only takes minutes to apply online and borrowers can apply with a cosigner. Keep in mind that because private student loans don’t have to offer the same benefits or protections as federal student loans (like the opportunity to apply for Public Service Loan Forgiveness), they are generally considered by students only after they have thoroughly reviewed all other financing options.

Borrowers can repay their SoFi student loans in a way that works for them by choosing a monthly student loan payment and rate that fits their budget. Borrowers never have to worry about fees and can enjoy a six-month grace period after graduation so that they have time to get settled in their post-grad life before they need to start making monthly loan payments.

Recommended: Smart Medical School Loan Repayment Strategies

The Takeaway

Choosing medical schools to apply to is a lot of work, but that research is a key step students need to take to find the best medical school for them.

For help covering the costs of medical school, learn more about SoFi private student loans.

FAQ

Is 30 too old for med school?

No, 30 is not too old to attend medical school. Applicants that apply for medical school will be in their mid-thirties four years later whether or not they pursue a degree. It’s up to them if those four years make a difference in the scheme of things.

What makes a good med school?

A good medical school is one that meets the needs of the student, when it comes to location, finances, and program opportunities.

How do you compare med schools?

Potential medical students can take factors like cost, location, and areas of study into account to compare and contrast their different medical school options.


Photo credit: iStock/Courtney Hale

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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is a Scholarship & How to Get One?

What Is a Scholarship & How To Get One

Considering the average published college tuition according to The College Board ranges from $3,800 for a public two-year institution to $38,070 at private nonprofit four-year institutions, college students need all of the financial help that they can get.

One option is to use scholarships, which are a form of financial aid awarded to students to help pay for tuition and other education expenses. Unlike student loans, scholarships don’t need to be repaid.

Below, you’ll find the answers to “what is a scholarship?” as well as where to get a scholarship and the different types of scholarships that may be available to you.

What Is a Scholarship?

A scholarship is a form of financial aid that’s awarded to students to help pay for school. Over the last 10 years, the number of scholarships awarded has increased by 45%, according to the National Scholarship Providers Association (NSPA). Each year, there’s an estimated $46 billion in grants and scholarship money awarded by the U.S. Department of Education, colleges, and universities and an additional $7.4 billion awarded through private scholarships and fellowships.

Scholarships can be delivered in a lump-sum payment or the scholarship award can be broken up into multiple payments that are sent out each semester or school year. Depending on the scholarship, funds can either be sent directly to the student or sent to the school and the student would pay any additional money owed for tuition, fees, room, and board.

Scholarships are awarded based on a number of different criteria, including academic achievement, athletic achievement, community involvement, job experience, the field of study, financial need, and more.

Unlike student loans, scholarships don’t need to be repaid. Scholarships are generally considered gift aid.

What Is a Full-Ride Scholarship?

A full-ride scholarship is an award that covers everything — tuition, books, fees, room, board, and sometimes even living expenses. Full ride scholarships mean no other additional aid is needed to pay for school.

Full-ride scholarships are highly sought after and some may have strict guidelines and requirements.

Different Types of Scholarships for College Students

There are various forms of gift aid that students can use to pay for college. While there are differences between them, they’re similar in the fact that they do not need to be repaid. Here are different types of scholarships for college students.

Federal Grants

Federal grants are need based financial aid from the U.S. government to help students pay for college. The Department of Education offers a variety of grants to students attending four-year colleges or universities, community colleges, and career schools.

Most federal grants are awarded to students based on financial need, the cost of attendance, and enrollment status. Students can start by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) form annually to determine eligibility. Once FAFSA is submitted, your school will let you know how much you may receive and when you may receive it.

Here are grant programs provided by the federal government:

•   Federal Pell Grants

•   Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (FSEOG)

•   Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grants

•   Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grants

While grants don’t typically have to be repaid, there are circumstances that may require repayment, such as:

•   You withdrew from the program early

•   Your enrollment status changed that reduced your eligibility for the grant

•   You received outside scholarships or grants that reduced the need for federal student aid

•   You received a TEACH Grant but did not meet the requirements for the TEACH Grant service obligation

Recommended: Finding Free Money for College

State Grants and Scholarships

According to the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (NASFAA), almost every state education agency has at least one grant or scholarship available to residents. Eligibility may be restricted to state residents attending an in-state college, but this isn’t always the case. Check what state financial aid programs may be available to you through your state education agency.

Scholarships and Grants From Schools

Institutional aid is awarded to students by the schools they plan to attend. Scholarships and grants from schools may be offered based on need or merit. For example, a student may be awarded a scholarship or grant through the school for strong academic or athletic performance.

It’s also important to read the requirements for scholarships and grants from schools. Some awards may demand that students maintain a minimum GPA throughout the year. Others may only be available for your freshman and sophomore years.

Private Scholarships

Private scholarships are financial aid awarded to students that are funded by foundations, civic groups, companies, religious groups, professional organizations, charities, and individuals. Most private scholarships have specific criteria required to qualify, according to the Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (MEFA) , and it may take some extra effort to research the availability of private scholarships.

Most private scholarships are only awarded for a single year. Check with the scholarship’s agency to find out if the scholarship is renewable and any criteria you may need to meet.

Main Sources of Scholarships and Grants

The main sources of scholarships and grants are from the four types of scholarships and grants listed above. Here are the major sources of scholarships and grants for college students and the percentage of total grants and/or scholarships that comes from each source:

•   Federal grants: 47%

•   State grants and scholarships: 8%

•   Scholarships and grants from schools: 35%

•   Private scholarships: 10%

Recommended: A Guide to Unclaimed Scholarships and Grants

Reasons to Be Awarded With a Scholarship

Scholarships aren’t only awarded to those with a 4.0 GPA. There are many reasons to be awarded a scholarship and students should consider their skills, areas of interest, and past achievements or awards.

Need-Based

Need-based scholarships are typically awarded to students based on their household income. The school’s financial aid office may also determine how much financial aid the student is able to receive.

Schools subtract your Expected Family Contribution (EFC) from your Cost of Attendance (COA) to determine your financial need and how much need-based aid you can receive. Your COA is the cost to attend the school and your EFC is the number that financial aid staff uses to determine how much financial aid you would receive. Information provided on your FAFSA is used to calculate your EFC.

Academic performance may also be taken into consideration when awarding need-based scholarships.

Academic Scholarships

Academic scholarships, also known as merit scholarships, are awarded to students based on their GPA and SAT/ACT admissions test scores. Award committees may also take other factors into consideration, such as extracurricular activities and leadership qualities.

Athletic Scholarships

Athletic scholarships are awarded to students who show exceptional athletic abilities while also taking academic performance into consideration. The National Collegiate Athletic Association, a nonprofit organization that regulates student-athletes, has provided more than $3.6 billion in athletics scholarships annually to more than 180,000 student-athletes. Athletic scholarships are not available at Division III colleges. Only about 1% to 2% of high school athletes are awarded athletics scholarships to compete in college.

Recommended: Balancing Being a Student Athlete & Academics in College

Community Service Scholarships

There are also scholarship opportunities for students who volunteer in their local communities. For example, the Equitable Excellence Scholarship awards students who have made a positive impact on their communities through volunteer service. The scholarship provides renewable awards of $5,000 to students for a total of $20,000 per recipient as well as one-time $2,500 scholarships.

Scholarships for Hobbies and Extracurriculars

Certain hobbies, interests, or extracurricular activities may also provide scholarships. For example, members of Starfleet, the International Star Trek Fan Association, can be awarded scholarships up to $1,000 in the categories including medicine, engineering, performing arts, international studies, business, science, education, writing, law enforcement, and general studies.

Scholarships based on Identity or Heritage

Some scholarship programs offer funds to help support traditionally underrepresented students. Outside of identity, many of these scholarships may require a minimum GPA, a need for financial assistance, leadership potential or participation in community activities.

There are also scholarships for mothers. When dealing with the costs of child care, many single mothers face unique obstacles to getting their college degrees.

Employer or Military Scholarships

Students may also be able to find opportunities through the employer of a family member. Eligibility and award amounts vary by employer. A variety of scholarships are also available to the children and spouses of active duty, reserve, National Guard, or retired members of the U.S. military.

How Can You Spend a Scholarship for Student?

How you can spend a scholarship for students depends on that specific program. Some programs may send the check directly to the college’s financial aid office to apply the funds to your tuition bill. Funds that are sent to the student may be used for education-related expenses deemed necessary by the school, like tuition, books, supplies, and housing.

Make sure to check with the scholarship program for rules regarding how you can spend your award.

How to Get a Scholarship for Student

There are several ways for students to find and apply for scholarships. Students can contact the financial aid office at the school they wish to attend or use other free resources. Some of these include:

•   Your high school counselor

•   The U.S. Department of Labor’s scholarship search tool

•   Federal agencies

•   Your state grant agency

•   Your library

•   Foundations, religious or community organizations, local businesses or civic groups

•   Organizations related to your field of interest

•   Identity-based organizations

•   Your employer or your parents’ employers

Check with each program to see how to apply and the requirements. Make sure you apply by the deadline.

Scholarship Requirements

Scholarship requirements vary by program. However, you may notice some common criteria, such as:

•   A GPA minimum

•   Age and grade requirements

•   College enrollment requirement

•   An essay requirement

•   Financial requirements

•   Location requirement

•   Test score requirements

Depending on the program, there may be some requirements related to your major, ethnicity, gender, disability or military service. In some cases, applicants may be required to complete an interview. If you’re applying for scholarships, check with each program to be sure you fully understand the application requirements and eligibility criteria.

Recommended: I Didn’t Get Enough Financial Aid: Now What?

Alternative Funding Options for College Students

Outside of scholarships and grants, there are other ways for students to pay for college.

One option is to get a part-time job and send extra income aside to put towards tuition or other school-related expenses. While this will likely not cover everything, it could make your costs more manageable. If you have a 529 college savings plan, you can tap this savings account to pay for qualified education expenses on a tax-free basis.

Students can also turn to the federal government to see if they qualify for federal work-study jobs, federal student loans, aid for military families, aid for international students or certain tax benefits. According to the Department of Education, outstanding federal student aid totals $1.61 trillion, representing 43.4 million students. These are typically awarded based on financial need and students can see what they qualify for by filling out FAFSA each year.

Another option is to use private student loans to pay for college. These are nonfederal loans made by a lender, such as a bank, credit union, state agency, university or other institution. Private student loans can be an option to consider after you’ve exhausted all other forms of aid.

Unlike most federal student loans, private loans require a credit check and the loan’s interest rate will depend on the borrower’s creditworthiness, among other factors. Private student loans are not required to offer the same borrower protections as federal student loans, things like deferment options or income-driven repayment plans.

You can even apply for scholarships and grants to pay off student loans after you’ve already graduated. You may also be able to have your student loans forgiven through state or federal programs.

The Takeaway

Before taking on student loans, scholarships and grants can be used to supplement other forms of financial aid. Before you start applying for scholarships, make sure you read the program’s requirements and turn in the application before the deadline.

If you’ve taken out federal or private student loans, there’s always the option to refinance. By refinancing your student loans, you could potentially qualify for a lower interest rate that could help you pay off the principal faster and/or decrease how much you pay each month. Note that decreasing your monthly payments is often the result of extending your loan term, which can ultimately increase the cost of borrowing over the life of the loan. Refinancing any federal loans will eliminate them from federal protections or programs such as the option to apply for Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

You can refinance the student loan with SoFi. If a competitor offers a lower rate, SoFi will match it and give you $100 after funding the loan.

Check your rate and learn more about SoFi student loan refinancing today.


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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Student Loan Debt by Major

Student Loan Debt by Major

There’s no question that furthering your education can be an expensive endeavor. Almost a third of all American students take on some level of debt to go to college, according to the Federal Reserve.

But students in some majors can expect to pay a significantly higher price than others.

If your goal is to study law, medicine, or veterinary medicine, for example, and you plan to get a graduate degree, you could end up owing five or six times more than the average person with a bachelor’s degree.

Whether you choose your major out of passion or for the potential paycheck — or both — only time will tell if you’ll get the outcome you’re hoping for. In the meantime, it can be a good idea to look at how much you might have to borrow to finance the course of study you’re considering.

Recommended: How to Pay for College

Student Loan Debt in America

How much do student loan borrowers in the United States owe after college?

According to the Federal Reserve’s most recent numbers, outstanding U.S. student loan debt reached $1.58 trillion in the fourth quarter of 2021. That’s nearly triple what the Fed says Americans owed in 2006.

Most of that debt is carried by millennials and Gen Xers. At the end of 2021, adults 35 to 49 had more than $622 billion in student loan debt, according to the U.S. Department of Education’s Federal Student Aid office. Younger adults, ages 25 to 34, owed more than $500 billion.

And the United States isn’t the only country with a high amount of student debt. In England, the value of outstanding loans reached £141 billion (approximately $191 billion in U.S. dollars) at the end of March 2021. The government there forecasts the value of outstanding loans will be around £560 billion (approximately $760 billion in U.S. dollars) by the middle of this century.

In Sweden, the Board of Student Finance has been asked to raise interest rates on student loans to help make up for the millions of dollars that are lost each year when borrowers don’t repay what they owe.

Still, while student loan forgiveness and other reforms are often discussed here and abroad, little is happening so far.

Recommended: Average Student Loan Debt: By Career

Average Student Loan Debt

According to Education.org, the average federal student loan debt balance is $37,113. And if you include private loan debt, the average balance may be as high as $40,904.

Of course, the amount you might borrow (or have borrowed) could vary significantly depending on your major and the degree required to pursue your chosen profession.

The average student loan debt for a borrower with a bachelor’s degree, for example, is about $29,000. But if your major moves you on to a graduate degree, the cost can move on as well — to an average of $71,000. And if you’re thinking about a degree in law or medicine, your debt could be in the hundreds of thousands.

According to research from The Brookings Institution published in 2020, while only 25% of borrowers went to graduate school, those students account for about a half of the outstanding education debt in the United States.

That’s partly because graduate students typically spend at least a few more years in school than undergraduates do. And besides their undergraduate and graduate courses, many professionals (doctors, dentists, veterinarians, etc.) also go through a residency or post-doctoral program that adds to the overall cost of their education.

Federal student loan programs also allow graduate students to borrow more money than undergraduates. Though there’s a $31,000 cap on federal loans for undergraduate students who are dependents, graduate students may be eligible to borrow up to the full cost of attendance through the federal Grad Plus program.

Other factors that affect the amount students end up borrowing can include the cost of living in the state or city where the school is located, whether the school is public or private, and whether the student is paying in-state or out-of-state tuition.

Recommended: What is the Average Student Loan Debt?

Student Loan Debt by Major

When you first start thinking about how to choose your college major, it’s likely you base your top choices on the academic subjects you’ve always been good at or things you’re interested in. Maybe you have a passion for a subject you feel destined to pursue.

If you’re a practical person, you also may have considered what career that degree might potentially lead to, and how much you’d earn if it became your profession.

What you may not have thought about — at least not at first — was how much it might cost you to major in one subject vs. another. Or if you might have to get an advanced degree in your major to actually get the job, or paycheck, of your dreams.

Here’s a look at the average student loan debt for some popular degrees:

Law Degree

$165,000 upon graduating

More than 95% take out student loans

Medical Degree

$241,600 upon graduating

76% to 89% take out student loans

Recommended: What is the Average Medical School Debt?

Dental School

$304,824 upon graduating

83% take out student loans

Nursing

Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN): $19,928

Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN): $23,711

Master of Science in Nursing (MSN): $47,321

More than 70% take out student loans.

Recommended: A Look at the Average Cost of Nursing School 

Business Administration

$66,300 (average for undergraduate and MBA student debt)

51% of MBA graduates take out loans

Architecture

$40,000

(% who borrow not available)

Veterinary Medicine

$188,853

83% take out student loans

Pharmacy

$173,561

85% take out student loans

Education/Teaching

$55,800

45% take out loans

Communication/Journalism

Bachelor’s degree: $24,233

Master’s degree: $58,586

(% with loans not available)

Student Loan Debt by State

If it seems as though your neighbors are carrying higher or lower amounts of debt than the U.S. average of $37,113, it might have something to do with where you live. If you have a high concentration of residents with medical or law school debt in your city or state, for example, the average student debt loan might be higher than it is in other parts of the country. If the amount of debt carried is lower than average, it could be because your state offers its students more financial aid.

Here’s what the average student loan debt by state looks like in the U.S., according to EducationData.org . (These numbers refer to federal student loan debt only.)

State

Avg. Student Debt

Residents w/ Student Debt

Alabama $37,348 12.3%
Alaska $34,431 9.1%
Arizona $35,431 12.1%
Arkansas $33,525 12.7%
California $36,937 9.8%
Colorado $37,120 13.2%
Connecticut $35,448 13.4%
Delaware $37,338 12.4%
District of Columbia $55,077 16.9%
Florida $38,481 11.8%
Georgia $41,843 15%
Hawaii $36,575 8.3%
Idaho $33,100 11.7%
Illinois $38,071 12.5%
Indiana $33,106 13.2%
Iowa $30,848 13.4%
Kansas $33,130 12.8%
Kentucky $33,023 13.1%
Louisiana $34,683 13.7%
Maine $33,352 13.4%
Maryland $43,219 13.3%
Massachusetts $34,549 12.5%
Michigan $36,295 13.9%
Minnesota $33,822 13.6%
Mississippi $37,080 14.6%
Missouri $35,706 13.3%
Montana $33,953 11.4%
Nebraska $32,138 12.4%
Nevada $33,863 10.9%
New Hampshire $34,353 13.5%
New Jersey $35,730 12.6%
New Mexico $34,237 10.6%
New York $38,107 11.9%
North Carolina $37,861 12.1%
North Dakota $29,446 10.9%
Ohio $34,923 15%
Oklahoma $31,832 12.1%
Oregon $37,251 12.7%
Pennsylvania $35,804 13.7%
Puerto Rico $27,607 9.9%
Rhode Island $32,212 12.7%
South Carolina $38,662 13.9%
South Dakota $31,858 12.7%
Tennessee $36,549 12.2%
Texas $33,123 12.1%
Utah $32,781 9.2%
Vermont $38,411 11.7%
Virginia $39,472 12.3%
Washington $35,521 10.1%
West Virginia $32,272 12.4%
Wisconsin $32,272 12.1%
Wyoming $30,246 9.2%

Federal vs Private Student Loan Debt

As these student loan debt statistics show, the rising cost of attending college can be a heavy financial burden for many Americans. And because there are limits on how much students can borrow in federal loans each year, many turn to private student loans to help cover their education bills.

The national private student loan balance now exceeds $140 billion, according to EducationData.org, which says 88.5% of that balance is in undergraduate loans and 11.5% is in graduate student loans.

Private student loans are a pretty small piece of the overall outstanding student loan debt in the United States — about 8.4%. But the number of students taking out private loans is growing. Student loan borrowers owe 71% more in private student loan debt than they did a decade ago, the Student Borrower Protection Center reports.

Recommended: Private Student Loans vs Federal Student Loans

Explore SoFi’s Private Student Loan Options

Since private student loans are not associated with the federal government, repayment terms and benefits can vary from lender to lender. So if you decide to use private student loans to help pay for your education, you may want to take the time to shop for the most competitive interest rates and other loan benefits, and to be clear on what each lender is offering.

Remember: After you graduate, you’ll have to pay back the money you owe — along with all your other bills. And federal loans offer some important protections that you may not get from a private lender, such as the ability to switch to an income-driven plan if you can’t afford your monthly payments or to defer payments if you lose your job. You may want to exhaust all your federal grant and loan options before you consider using a private student loan.

SoFi has a loan to fit the requirements of just about any major you might choose, whether you’re an undergraduate or graduate student, a law school or MBA student, or if your parent is the one doing the borrowing.

Recommended: A Guide to Private Student Loans

The Takeaway

No matter what your major is, these days, there’s a good chance you may have to take on some debt to get the education you need and want.

And the final bill could be substantial: The average federal loan debt balance is $37,113, but if you choose a major that requires a graduate degree, it could be two or three times that amount … or more.

Most student borrowers use federal loans to help pay for their education. But a combination of federal and private loans may be necessary to cover all your costs. If you find you’re in need of extra funds from a private lender, there are plenty of options out there. However, all private student loans are not the same, so it can be helpful to research the best interest rates and repayment terms for your needs.

Learn more about whether a private student loan with SoFi could be the right financial solution for you.

FAQ

How much student loan debt is there in the United States?

According to the Federal Reserve’s most recent numbers, outstanding U.S. student loan debt reached $1.58 trillion in the fourth quarter of 2021.

What is the average U.S. student loan debt per student?

According to Education.org, the average federal student loan debt balance is $37,113. And if you include private loan debt, the average balance may be as high as $40,904.

Who owns most student debt?

The federal government — or, more specifically, the U.S. Department of Education — owns about 92% of all student loan debt in America.


Photo credit: iStock/FabrikaCr

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Implied Volatility vs Historical Volatility

Implied Volatility vs Historical Volatility

Whether you are a new investor or a seasoned trader, it’s common to hear the word “volatility” when discussing the movements of a stock price or index. More volatile stocks tend to have larger swings, both up and down.

However, depending on the context, the speaker may be referring to historical volatility, as in the case of comparing two stocks, or implied volatility, as in the case of discussing options prices. It’s crucial for participants in these markets to understand the difference.

Here’s what you need to know about implied volatility vs. historical volatility.

Historical Volatility Definition

Historical volatility is a statistical measurement of how much a given stock moves up and down. As the name suggests, historical volatility measures a stock’s price as compared to its average or mean. The most popular way to calculate a stock’s historical volatility is by calculating the standard deviation of a stock’s price movements over a period of time.

Investors use historical volatility to get an idea of how likely the stock is to make large movements in its price. A stock with higher volatility is inherently riskier, because there is a bigger chance the stock’s price will drop significantly. Highly volatile investments purchased with leveraged accounts can be even riskier still.

On the other hand, it can also be potentially more rewarding, since there is also a possibility that the stock’s price will make a big jump upward. Stocks tend to generally become more volatile during times of recession or uncertainty.

Investors measure a stock’s historical volatility as a percentage of the stock’s price and not as an absolute number. That makes it easy to compare historical volatility between stocks, even if they have very different values, when assessing investment opportunities. When comparing the volatility of stocks, it’s important to make sure you’re looking at them over the same time period.

Implied Volatility Definition

Implied volatility is another measure of the volatility of a stock. While historical volatility is backward-looking, implied volatility attempts to quantify a stock’s volatility going forward. Implied volatility reflects the prices of the options contracts associated with a particular stock. Options traders usually reference implied volatility with the Greek letter σ (Sigma).

A stock with a higher implied volatility generally has options contracts with higher premiums. This is because there is more uncertainty around the direction of the underlying stock.

Historical vs Implied Volatility

While both implied volatility and historical volatility measure the volatility of a particular stock, they measure it in different ways. Historical volatility reflects the past price movements of a particular stock or index, while implied volatility gauges future expectations of price movements based on the prices of options contracts.Traders use implied volatility when they are determining the extrinsic value of an option.

When to Use Historical vs Implied Volatility

One way to use implied volatility is to look for options whose implied volatility is different from the historical volatility. If an option’s implied volatility is lower than the historical volatility of the underlying stock, that may be a signal of an undervalued option premium.

Comparing Implied and Historical Volatility

Here is a quick summary of the differences between historical and implied volatility:

Historical Volatility

Implied Volatility

Calculated using the historical prices of a stock or index Determined indirectly based on the prices of options contracts
Used primarily for stocks or indexes Used primarily for options
Measures past performance based on historical data Projects future performance, representing an indicator of future volatility

How to Use Implied and Historical Volatility Together

Because implied volatility and historical volatility measure different things it can be useful to employ them both. The historical volatility of a given stock or index will measure how much the price has historically moved, both up and down. If you’re interested in investing in options for a stock, you can look at how its historical volatility compares to the implied volatility denoted by the prices of its options contracts.

One way that you can incorporate some of these ideas into your trading strategies through a volatility skew. A volatility skew depends on the difference in implied volatility between options contracts that are in the money, at the money and out of the money.

Another relevant concept when it comes to implied volatility is a volatility smile, a graphic representation of the strike prices and the implied volatility of options with the same underlying asset and expiration date.

The Takeaway

Options traders often look at both historical and implied volatility when determining their options trading strategy. You may also use these tools while investing, or you might look at other factors to evaluate potential investments.

If you’re ready to start trading options, one way to start is with SoFi’s options trading platform. This platform offers an intuitive and approachable design where you can make trades from the mobile app or web platform. Plus, you can reference a library of educational content about options if questions come up along your investing journey.

Pay low fees when you start options trading with SoFi.

FAQ

How is implied volatility calculated from historical volatility?

The historical volatility of a stock or index reflects the changes in historical stock prices. It is often, but not always, calculated as the standard deviation of a stock’s price movements. Implied volatility is not something directly calculated — instead, it is implied based on the prices of options contracts for the underlying stock.

Is there a difference between implied and realized volatility?

Realized volatility is another name for the historical volatility of a stock. So while implied and realized volatility both measure how volatile a stock is, they have different definitions, and investors use them in different ways.


Photo credit: iStock/kupicoo

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Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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