InvestY Archives

Feb

2026

Solo 401(k): The Retirement Plan Built for the Self-Employed

Navigating Solo 401(k) Plans: A Complete Guide for the Self-Employed

By Rebecca Lake | invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Being self-employed offers many perks, including freedom and flexibility. What it doesn’t offer is an employer-sponsored retirement plan. But when you don’t have access to a 401(k) at work, opening a solo 401(k) can make it easier to stay on track with retirement planning.

Before you establish a solo 401(k) for yourself, it’s important to understand how these plans work and the pros and cons involved.

What Is a Solo 401(k)?

A solo 401(k) is a type of 401(k) that’s designed specifically with self-employed individuals in mind. This retirement savings option follows many of the same rules as workplace 401(k) plans in terms of annual contribution limits, tax treatment, and withdrawals. But it’s tailored to individuals who run a business solo or only employ their spouses.

It’s one of several self-employed retirement options you might consider when planning a long-term financial strategy.

Definition and Overview

A solo 401(k) is a tax-advantaged retirement account that’s for self-employed individuals and business owners who have zero employees, or no employees other than their spouse. This type of 401(k) plan is also known by a few other names:

• Solo-k

• Uni-k

• One-participant plan

Traditional solo 401(k) contributions are made using pre-tax dollars. However, it’s possible to open a Roth solo 401(k) instead. In the case of a Roth solo 401(k), you’d make contributions using after-tax dollars and be able to withdraw the money tax-free in retirement.

A self-employed 401(k) plan works much the same as a regular 401(k). For instance, you may be able to take loans from your savings if needed. Catch-up contributions are also allowed. The biggest difference is that there is no matching contribution from an outside employer.

You can start investing in a solo 401(k) for yourself through an online brokerage. There’s some paperwork you’ll need to fill out to get the process started, but once your account is open you can make contributions year-round.

At the end of the year, the IRS requires solo 401(k) plan owners to file a Form 5500-EZ if the account has $250,000 or more in assets.

💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Contribution Limits in Solo 401(k) Plans

Much like workplace 401(k)s, there are annual contribution limits that apply to solo 401(k) plans.

The IRS caps total contributions to a solo 401(k) account at $70,000 for 2025 and $72,000 for 2026 That doesn’t include catch-up contributions for those age 50 and over.

As both the employee and employer of your own business, you can contribute both elective salary deferrals and employer nonelective contributions (you are both the employer and the employee in this scenario). Each has different contribution caps.

Annual Contribution Limits

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income up to the annual contribution limit: $23,500 in 2025 and $24,500 in 2026, plus an additional $7,500 for those age 50+ in elective salary deferrals in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026. In 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively.

Under a new law that went into effect on January 1, 2026 as part of SECURE 2.0, individuals aged 50 and older who earned more than $150,000 in FICA wages in 2025 are required to put their catch-up contributions into a Roth solo 401(k) account. With Roths, individuals pay taxes on contributions upfront, but can make qualified withdrawals tax-free in retirement.

In addition, you can make employer nonelective contributions. These come directly from the “employer” (aka you) and are not deducted from the employee’s (your) salary. As an employer, you can contribute up to 25% of your self-employment income (business income – ½ self-employment tax and elective salary deferrals), in pre-tax dollars.

Setting Up a Solo 401(k) Plan

If you’re interested in setting up a solo 401(k) for yourself, you can do so through an online brokerage. Here’s a step-by-step guide for how to open a solo 401(k).

Steps to Establish Your Plan

1. Choose a Plan Administrator

A plan administrator is the person responsible for managing your solo 401(k). It’s their job to make sure the plan is meeting reporting and other requirements established by the IRS. If you’re self-employed, you can act as your own plan administrator or you could choose your accountant instead.

2. Choose a Brokerage

Once you know who’s going to manage the plan, the next step is deciding where to open it. A number of brokerages offer solo 401(k) plans so you may want to spend some time comparing things like:

• Account setup process

• Investment options

• Fees

You may be able to start the solo 401(k) account setup process online, though some brokerages require you to call and speak to a representative first. And you may need to finalize your account opening by mailing or faxing in any supporting documents the brokerage needs to complete the application.

3. Fill Out a Solo 401(k) Application

Before you can start a 401(k) account for yourself, you’ll need to give your brokerage some information about your business. A typical solo 401(k) application may ask for your:

• First and last name

• Employer Identification Number (EIN)

• Plan administrator’s name and contact information

• Social Security number

• Mailing address

• Citizenship status

• Income information

You’ll also need to disclose any professional associations or affiliations that might result in a conflict of interest with the brokerage. In completing the application, you’ll be asked to name one or more beneficiaries. You may also be asked to provide bank account information that will be used to make your initial contribution to the plan.

4. Choose Your Investments

Once you’ve returned your solo 401(k) account application and it’s been approved, you can choose your investments. The type of investments offered can depend on the brokerage and the plan. But typically, you may be able to choose from:

• Target-date funds

• Index funds

• Actively managed funds

• Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)

Whether you have access to individual stocks, bonds, CDs, or alternative investments such as commodities can depend on the platform that’s offering the plan.

5. Decide How Much to Contribute

You may choose to schedule automatic investments or make them manually according to a schedule that works for you.

Choosing Between Traditional and Roth Solo 401(k)s

You can opt for a traditional solo 401(k), which is made with pre-tax dollars, or a Roth solo 401(k), which is made with after-tax dollars. Which plan is better for you may depend on what you expect your income to be in retirement.

If you believe your income will be higher in retirement than it is now, in general, a Roth could be a better choice since you can take the distributions tax-free at that time. But if you think your income may be less in retirement than it is now, you might be better off with a traditional solo 401(k), which allows you to take the tax deduction now and have your distributions taxed in retirement.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solo 401(k) Plans

When considering retirement account options, it can be helpful to look at the pros and cons to determine what works best for your personal situation.

Benefits of Having a Solo 401(k)

There are different reasons why opening a 401(k) for self employed individuals could make sense.

• Bigger contributions. Compared to other types of self-employed retirement plans, such as a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, solo 401(k) contribution limits tend to be more generous. Neither a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, for instance, allows for catch-up contributions.

• Roth contributions. You also have the option to open a Roth solo 401(k). If you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket when you retire, you may prefer being able to withdraw contributions tax-free with a Roth.

• Flexible withdrawal rules. A solo 401(k) can also offer more flexibility with regard to early withdrawals than a SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, traditional IRA, or Roth IRA. If your solo 401(k) plan allows it, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. An IRA-based plan wouldn’t allow for loans.

Considerations and Potential Drawbacks

There are also a few potential downsides of investing in a solo 401(k).

• Eligibility restrictions. If you run a small business and you have at least one employee other than a spouse, you won’t be able to open a solo 401(k) at all.

• Complicated reporting. Calculating contributions and filing can be more complicated with a solo 401(k) vs. a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA. If your plan has more than $250,000 in assets you’ll need to file Form 5500-EZ with the IRS each year.

• Administrative costs. Depending on where you open a solo 401(k) plan, the cost of maintaining it year to year may be higher compared to other self employed retirement plans. And an early 401(k) withdrawal can trigger taxes and penalties.

It’s important to consider the range of investment options offered through a solo 401(k). What you can invest in at one brokerage may be very different from another. The individual cost of those investments can also vary if some mutual funds or exchange-traded funds offered come with higher expense ratios than others.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.

Withdrawals and Loan Provisions

There are certain requirements for withdrawals and/or loans from a solo 401(k).

Rules for Withdrawing Funds

You can make withdrawals from a solo 401(k) without penalty at age 59 ½ or older. Distributions may be allowed before that time in the case of certain “triggering events,” such as a disability, but you may owe a 10% penalty as well as income taxes on the withdrawal.

Loan Options and Conditions

Some solo 401(k) plans may be set up to allow loans. If yours does, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. Just be sure to find out the loan terms and conditions, which can vary by plan.

Testing and Compliance for Solo 401(k)s

Unlike workplace 401(k)s, solo 401(k)s have no testing compliance requirements involved.

Alternatives to Solo 401(k) Plans

Instead of a solo 401(k), self employed individuals can consider another type of retirement account. Here’s how different options stack up.

Comparing a Solo 401(k) to a SEP IRA and Other Retirement Options

A SEP IRA is designed for small businesses. However, unlike a solo 401(k), a SEP IRA allows no catch-up contributions and there is no Roth version of the plan.

A SIMPLE IRA is for businesses with no more than 100 employees. It has much lower contribution limits than a solo 401(k) and once again, there is no Roth option.

Pros and Cons of a Solo 401(k)

A solo 401(k) has advantages and disadvantages. Here’s a side-by-side comparison of the benefits and drawbacks.

Solo 401(k) Pros	Solo 401(k) Cons
Catch-up contributions may allow older investors to save more for retirement versus a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA.	Only self-employed individuals who have no employees or just employee their spouses can contribute.
It’s possible to choose between a traditional solo 401(k) or Roth solo 401(k), based on your investing goals and tax situation.	Annual reporting requirements may be more complicated for a solo 401(k) compared to other self employed retirement plans.
Solo 401(k) plans may allow for loans, similar to workplace plans.	Early withdrawals from a solo 401(k) are subject to taxes and penalties.

The Takeaway

A solo 401(k) can be a worthwhile investment vehicle for self-employed people who want to save for retirement. It has more generous contribution limits than some other retirement options. In addition, there is a Roth version of the plan, and a solo 401(k) plan may also offer flexibility in terms of early withdrawals. For individuals who are self-employed, opening a solo 401(k) is one potential way to start saving for their golden years.

Prepare for your retirement with an individual retirement account (IRA). It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. Whether you prefer a hands-on self-directed IRA through SoFi Securities or an automated robo IRA with SoFi Wealth, you can build a portfolio to help support your long-term goals while gaining access to tax-advantaged savings strategies.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Can I contribute 100% of my salary to a solo 401(k)?

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income to a solo 401(k) up to the annual contribution limit, which is $23,500 in 2025, and $24,500 in 2026 plus, for those 50 and up, an additional $7,500 in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026 in elective salary deferrals. For both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively. Be aware that as of January 1, 2026, however, individuals aged 50 and older whose FICA wages exceeded $150,000 in 2025 are required to put their catch-up contributions into a Roth solo 401(k) account.

Is a solo 401(k) taxable income?

You will pay taxes with a solo 401(k), but the type of plan you open determines when you’ll pay those taxes. If you have a traditional 401(k), your contributions are tax-deferred, and they reduce your taxable income for the year in which you make them. However, you will pay taxes on distributions when you take them in retirement. If you have a Roth 401(k), you pay taxes on your contributions when you make them, but your distributions in retirement are tax-free.

What is the average return on a solo 401(k)?

The return on a solo 401(k) depends on the investments in your portfolio. However, in general, a solo 401(k) invested in a mix of bonds, stocks, and cash assets can have an average rate of return ranging between 3% and 8%. But again, it depends on what your investments are, and how much you allocate to those different assets. You may want to compare your plan’s performance to plans with similar funds to get a general sense of what the average return might be.

Who qualifies for a solo 401(k)?

To be eligible for a solo 401(k), you must be self-employed or a small business owner with no employees other than a spouse. To open a solo 401(k) you will need an Employee Identification Number (EIN), which is available from the IRS.

Photo credit: iStock/visualspace

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN1023177
CN-Q425-3236452-121
Q126-3525874-048

Feb

2026

Safe Harbor 401(k) Plan: What Is It? Is It for You?

By Ashley Kilroy | Growing Wealth, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Safe harbor 401(k) plans enable companies to avoid the annual IRS testing that comes with traditional 401(k) plans. With a safe harbor 401(k), an employer makes mandatory contributions to all employees’ retirement accounts, and those funds vest immediately.

Often a perk used to attract top talent, safe harbor 401(k) plans are a way for highly compensated employees, like company executives and owners, to save more than a traditional 401(k) plan would normally allow.

Keep reading to learn more about safe harbor rules, why companies use these plans, along with the benefits, drawbacks, and relevant deadlines.

Key Points

• Like a traditional 401(k), a safe harbor 401(k) lets employees deposit tax-deferred funds from their paychecks into a retirement savings account.

• Employers are required to contribute to employees’ safe harbor 401(k) accounts.

• Employer contributions in a safe harbor 401(k) vest immediately. There is no waiting period.

• Highly-paid employees can contribute more to a safe harbor 401(k) than a traditional 40(k).

• Safe harbor 401(k) plans allow companies to skip the annual nondiscrimination regulatory testing required by the IRS for traditional 401(k)s.

What Is a Safe Harbor 401(k) Plan?

A 401(k) safe harbor plan is similar to a traditional 401(k) plan — but with a twist. In both cases, eligible employees can use the plan to contribute pre-tax funds to a retirement account and employers may contribute matching funds.

But with a traditional 401(k) retirement plan, companies must submit to annual nondiscrimination regulatory testing by the IRS to ensure that the company plan doesn’t treat highly compensated employees (HCEs) more favorably than others. HCEs are generally defined as earning at least $160,000 in the 2025 and 2026 tax years, and being in the company’s top 20% in pay, or owning more than 5% of the business. The testing process is complex and can be a burden for some companies.

An alternative is to set up a safe harbor 401(k) plan with a safe harbor match. This allows a company to skip the annual IRS testing — and avoid imposing restrictions on employee saving — by providing the same 401(k) contributions to all employees, regardless of title, salary, or even years spent at the company. And those funds must vest immediately.

This is an important benefit, because in many cases, employer contributions to traditional 401(k) plans vest over time, requiring employees to stay with the company for some years in order to get the full value of the employer match. Often, if you leave before the employer contributions or match have vested, you may forfeit them.

For smaller companies, it may be worth making the extra safe harbor match contributions in order to avoid the time and expense of the IRS’s annual nondiscrimination testing. For larger companies, giving all employees the same percentage contribution could be expensive. But the upside is that highly paid employees can then make much larger 401(k) contributions without running afoul of IRS rules, a real perk for company leaders. In addition, 401(k) safe harbor plans are typically less expensive to set up than traditional plans.

💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Traditional 401(k) vs Safe Harbor 401(k) Plans

While safe harbor 401(k)s and traditional 401(k) plans are similar in many ways, there are some important differences that employers should be aware of.

For instance, with traditional 401(k) plans, contributions from highly compensated employees can’t comprise more than 2% of the average of all other employee contributions, in addition to other restrictions. However, with safe harbor 401(k) plans, those limits don’t apply.

Comparing Plan Features and Benefits

Here is a side-by-side comparison of a safe harbor 401(k) vs. a traditional 401(k)

Safe Harbor 401(k)	Traditional 401(k)
Employer contributions are required.	Employer contributions are optional.
Employer contributions are vested immediately.	Employer contributions may vest over time.
Highly-paid employees can contribute up to the $23,500 maximum in tax year 2025 and up to $24,500 in 2026.	Highly-paid employees can be limited in how much they can contribute.
Companies do not have to do annual nondiscrimination testing.	Companies must do annual nondiscrimination testing.

Choosing the Right Plan for Your Business

A safe harbor plan may be beneficial for some smaller companies that can’t afford the expense of nondiscrimination testing. In addition, the plan is simpler with less administrative tasks.

A company might also choose a safe harbor 401(k) if it has some key high-earning employees that make up a large share of the workforce.

However, if your company is able to easily manage the nondiscrimination testing process, you may want to opt for a traditional 401(k). A traditional 401(k) could also be a good option for business owners who want to try to retain employees over the long-term. They could set up a vesting schedule for employer contributions that requires employees to be with the company for three years before becoming fully vested, for instance.

Setting Up a Safe Harbor 401(k) Plan

For employers interested in using a safe harbor 401(k), there are some general rules and guidelines they will need to follow.

Requirements, Contribution Formulas, and Deadlines

To fulfill the safe harbor 401(k) requirements, the employer must make qualifying 401(k) contributions (a.k.a. the safe harbor match) that vest immediately. The company contributes to employees’ retirement accounts in one of three ways:

• Non-elective: The company contributes the equivalent of 3% of each employee’s annual salary to a company 401(k) plan, regardless of whether the employee contributes.

• Basic: The company offers 100% matching for the first 3% of an employee’s 401(k) plan contributions, plus a 50% match for up to 5% of an employee’s contributions.

• Enhanced: The company offers a 100% company match for all employee 401(k) contributions, up to 4% of a staffer’s annual salary.

Companies that opt for a safe harbor 401(k) plan have to adhere to strict compliance filing deadlines. These are the dates worth knowing.

October 1: That’s the deadline for filing for a safe harbor 401(k) for the current calendar year. This deadline meets the government criteria of a company needing to have a safe harbor 401(k) in operation for at least three months in a 12 month period, for the first year operating a safe harbor plan.

December 1: By this date, all companies — whether they’re rolling out a brand new safe harbor plan or are administering an existing one — must issue a formal notice to employees that a safe harbor 401(k) will be offered to company staffers.

January 1: The date that all safe harbor 401(k) plans are activated. For companies that currently have no 401(k) plan at all, they can roll out either a traditional 401(k) plan or a safe harbor 401(k) plan at any point in the year, for that calendar year.

Advantages of Implementing a Safe Harbor 401(k) Plan

Safe harbor 401(k)s offer some distinct upsides for business owners and employees alike.

Benefits for Employers and Employees

By creating a safe harbor 401(k) plan, a business owner can potentially attract and maintain highly skilled employees. Employees are attracted to higher retirement plan contributions and the ability to optimize retirement plan contribution amounts, ensuring more money for long-term retirement savings.

Plus, a safe harbor 401(k) plan can also help business owners save money on the compliance end of the spectrum. For example, companies save on regulatory costs by avoiding the costs of preparing for a nondiscrimination test (and the staff hours and training that goes with it).

There are some additional upsides to offering a safe harbor 401(k) retirement plan, for higher paid employees and regular staff too.

• Playing catch up. If a company owner, or high-level managers, historically haven’t stowed enough money away in a company retirement plan, a safe harbor 401(k) plan can help them catch up. The same may be true, although to a lesser degree, for regular employees.

• The spread of profit. Suppose a company has a steady and robust revenue stream and is managed efficiently. In that case, company owners may feel comfortable “spreading the wealth” with not only high-profile talent but rank-and-file employees, too.

• Encourage retirement savings. If a company is seeing weak contribution activity from its rank-and-file employees, it may feel more comfortable going the safe harbor route and at least guaranteeing minimum 401(k) contributions to employees while rewarding higher-value employees with more lucrative 401(k) plan contributions.

Disadvantages of Safe Harbor Plans

Safe harbor 401(k) plans have their downsides, too. Here are some drawbacks to consider.

Financial Implications for Employers

The matching contribution requirements for safe harbor 401(k)s can add up to a hefty expense, depending on employee salaries. And because employees are vested immediately, there’s no incentive to stay with the company for a certain period.

In addition, if a company introduces a safe harbor 401(k) plan, it must commit to it for one calendar year, no matter how the plan is performing internally. Even after a year, 401(k) plan providers (which administer and manage the retirement plans) may charge a termination fee if a company decides to pull the plug on its safe harbor plan after one year.

💡 Quick Tip: The advantage of opening a Roth IRA and a tax-deferred account like a 401(k) or traditional IRA is that by the time you retire, you’ll have tax-free income from your Roth, and taxable income from the tax-deferred account. This can help with tax planning.

Safe Harbor 401(k) Contribution Limits and Match Types

There are some different rules for employer contribution limits and matching with a safe harbor 401(k) vs. a traditional 401(k).

Understanding Contribution Limits

Just like traditional 401(k) plans, the maximum employee contribution limit for a safe harbor plan is $23,500 in 2025 and $24,500 in 2026. If you are over 50, you would be eligible for an additional $7,500 catch-up contribution in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026, if your plan allows it.

For both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250 (instead of $7,500 and $8,000) to their 401(k) plan.

But in a safe harbor plan, a company owner can reserve the maximum $23,500 in 2025 for their annual plan contribution, $24,500 for 2026, and also boost contribution payments to valued team members up to an individual profit-sharing maximum amount of 100% of their compensation, or $70,000 (77,500 for those over age 50 with the standard catch-up and $81,250 with the SECURE 2.0 catch-up for those 60 to 63) — whichever is less — for 2025.

For 2026, the total allowed is 100% of compensation or $72,000, whichever is less. (For those 50 and up the cap is $80,000 with the standard catch-up, and $83,250 with the SECURE 2.0 catch-up for those ages 60 to 63 only.) Employer rules about catch-up provisions may vary, so be sure to ask.

Regular employees are allowed the standard maximum contribution limit of $23,500 in 2025, $24,500 in 2026; plus anyone over age 50 can contribute an extra “catch-up” amount of $7,500 in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026. Those are the same maximum contribution ceilings as regular 401(k) plans. For 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250 instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively, thanks to SECURE 2.0.

One important thing to note regarding catch-up contributions for the plans mentioned above: Under a new law that went into effect on January 1, 2026 (as part of SECURE 2.0), individuals aged 50 and older who earned more than $150,000 in FICA wages in 2025 are required to put their 401(k) catch-up contributions into a Roth 401(k) account. With Roth accounts, individuals pay taxes on contributions upfront, but can make qualified withdrawals tax-free in retirement.

Different Types of Employer Matching Contributions

As mentioned earlier, with a safe harbor 401(k), an employer must make qualifying 401(k) contributions that vest immediately in one of these ways:

• Non-elective: The company contributes the equivalent of 3% of each employee’s annual salary to a company 401(k) plan.

• Basic: The company matches 100% for the first 3% of an employee’s 401(k) plan contributions, plus a 50% match for the following 2% of their contributions.

• Enhanced: The company provides a 100% company match for all employee 401(k) contributions, up to 4% of a staffer’s annual salary.

IRS Compliance Testing and Safe Harbor Provisions

To help understand the benefit of safe harbor plans, it helps to see what employers with traditional 401(k) plans face in terms of following IRS rules and submitting to the annual nondiscrimination tests.

Navigating Non-Discrimination Testing

Each year, a company must conduct Actual Deferral Percentage (ADP), Actual Contribution Percentage (ACP), and Top Heavy tests to confirm there is no compensation discrimination.

If the company fails one of the tests, it could mean considerable administrative hassle, plus the expense of making corrections, and potentially even refunding 401(k) contributions.

Before explaining the details of each test, here’s a refresher on how the IRS defines highly compensated employees (HCEs) and non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs).

To be an HCE:

• The employee must own more than 5% of the company at any time during the current or preceding year (directly or through family attribution).

• The employee is paid over $160,000 in compensation from the employer for both 2025 and 2026. The plan can limit these employees to the top 20% of employees who make the most money.

Employees who don’t fit these criteria are considered non-highly compensated. The nondiscrimination tests are designed to assess whether top employees are saving substantially more than the rank-and-file staffers.

• The Actual Deferral Percentage (ADP) test measures how much income highly paid employees contribute to their 401(k), versus staff employees.

• The Actual Contribution Percentage (ACP) test compares employer retirement contributions to HCEs versus the contributions to everyone else.

According to the IRS, the terms of the ADP test — which compares the amounts different employees are saving in their 401(k)s — are met if the ADP for highly compensated employees (HCE) doesn’t exceed the greater of:

• 125% of the deferral percentage for ordinary, i.e., non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs)

Or the lesser of:

• 200% of the deferral percentage for the NHCEs

• or the deferral percentage for the NHCEs plus 2%.

The ACP test is met if the deferral percentage for highly compensated employees doesn’t exceed the greater of:

• 125% of the deferral percentage for the NHCEs,

Or the lesser of:

• 200% of the deferral percentage for the group of NHCEs

• or the deferral percentage for the NHCEs plus 2%.

Last, the top-heavy test measures the value of the assets in all company 401(k) accounts, total. If the 401(k) balances of “key employees” account for more than 60% of total plan assets, the 401(k) would fail the top heavy test. The IRS defines key employees somewhat differently than highly compensated employees, although both groups are similar in that they earn more than ordinary staff.

As you can see, maintaining a traditional 401(k) plan, and meeting these requirements each year, can be a burden for some companies. Fortunately, by setting up a safe harbor 401(k) plan, a company can avoid the annual nondiscrimination tests and still provide a 401(k) savings plan for employees.

The Takeaway

Companies that don’t want the regulatory obligations of a traditional 401(k) plan, and would like to prioritize talent acquisition and employee retention may want to consider safe harbor 401(k) plans.

However, a business owner needs to weigh the pros and cons of a safe harbor 401(k) plan because, in some cases, it can be expensive for a company to maintain.

But no matter what type of 401(k) an employer decides to go with, having a retirement plan in place, with different savings and investment options, can help employees — and business owners themselves — save for the future.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Is a safe harbor 401(k) worth it?

Whether a safe harbor 401(k) is worth it depends on the goals of the business owner. A safe harbor 401(k) allows a company to skip the expense of nondiscrimination testing. And by creating a safe harbor 401(k) plan, a business owner may be able to attract and maintain highly skilled employees because of the higher contributions. However, the matching employer contribution requirements can add up to a high expense. A business owner needs to weigh the pros and cons of these plans.

Can I cash out my safe harbor 401(k)?

You can withdraw safe harbor 401(k) funds without penalty at age 59 ½ or if you leave your job. However, hardship withdrawals for immediate and heavy financial need may be allowed in certain circumstances. You can learn more at irs.gov.

Why would a company use a safe harbor 401(k)?

A company might use a safe harbor 401(k) to avoid the expense of nondiscrimination testing and to simplify the administration of a 401(k) plan. They might also use a safe harbor 401(k) to help attract and keep highly skilled employees.

What is an example of a safe harbor 401(k) match?

If an employer with a safe harbor 401(k) chooses to offer non-elective matching contributions, that means they contribute at least 3% of each employee’s annual salary. So if an employee makes $70,000 a year, for example, the employer would contribute $2,100 to their safe harbor 401(k) account.

About the author

Ashley Kilroy

Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2026

A woman wearing headphones and sitting in front of a laptop speaks into a microphone.

21 Best Side Hustle Ideas with a Low Startup Cost (2026)

By Timothy Moore | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, money | Comments Off

Having a 9-to-5 job is a good way to make your core income, but if you want to earn more money to pay down debt, build up savings, or pay bills, a side hustle could help you supplement your earnings. According to 2025 surveys, 27% to 45% of American adults are working side jobs to bring in more money.

Fortunately, there are quite a few side hustles with a low startup cost, as well as those that require no special skills. Read on to learn what these low-investment side hustles are and how to get started. You could soon be on your way to earning some extra income.

Table of Contents

Why Start a Low-Cost Side Hustle?
21 Low-Cost Side Hustle Ideas for 2026
How to Manage Your Side Hustle Income
FAQ

Key Points

• Side hustles provide opportunities to earn supplemental income for paying down debt, building savings, or covering expenses beyond a traditional 9-to-5 job.

• Low-cost side hustle options include creating online courses, voice-over work, tutoring, transcription, social media management, virtual assistance, and affiliate marketing.

• Hands-on opportunities like pet sitting, house sitting, rideshare driving, food delivery, furniture flipping, and local tour guiding require minimal startup investment.

• Successful side hustle management requires tracking revenue and expenses separately from personal finances, maintaining receipts, and potentially opening a dedicated bank account.

• Self-employment income from side hustles must be reported to the IRS, with quarterly taxes paid and eligible business expenses deducted.

Why Start a Low-Cost Side Hustle?

You may wonder about the requirements and start-up costs for launching a side hustle. Will you need to withdraw money from your online checking account to buy expensive equipment, or head back to school for a certain degree?

Not at all. It is possible to start low-investment — and even no-investment — low-effort side hustles. Whether it’s delivering groceries, narrating audiobooks, or becoming a virtual assistant, many people are able to find a side hustle with a low startup cost and no degree required to supplement their income.

One of the benefits of a side hustle can be introducing you to what might become a steady source of extra money. Or you could discover a new career that you love.

Get good enough at your new gig and who knows — you could even end up with a side hustle to fund your early retirement!

21 Low-Cost Side Hustle Ideas for 2026

So what are some low-cost, low-effort side hustles to try? Here are 21 top side hustles on a budget — some are also small business ideas, should you decide you want to pursue them full-time.

Digital & Online Side Hustles

There are a number of side gigs that require nothing more than a laptop, or even just your phone, to start up. These include:

1. Selling an Online Course

If you know more than the average person about a specific topic that you’re passionate about — be it makeup application, flipping houses, or cooking — you can make educational content with only your smartphone and some screen-recording software. It’s a good example of a side hustle with low startup costs.

You don’t even have to worry about designing a website to host the courses you create. Websites like Skillshare and Udemy may host your content (but they will take a chunk of your sales). However, they already have built-in audiences. That can mean little or no marketing would be necessary on your part.

How much you might earn selling online courses depends largely on how many people buy them and the prices you charge.

2. Narrating Audiobooks

Websites like Fiverr and ACX.com have made it easier for aspiring voice-over artists (or just people looking to pick up some extra cash) to narrate audiobooks. To be successful, it’s a good idea to have a background in acting, an ability to use different voices and accents, and good enunciation.

As with many side gigs, you might have to start by taking unpaid work to establish a portfolio. Volunteering to read for the blind can be a great way to get your foot in the door. It doesn’t hurt to have your own website promoting your skills; just make sure there are demos on the site. Once you start working for pay, rates can vary widely by the project and how much experience you have — starting at about $10 an hour and going up to as much as $350 an hour.

Startup costs may include a high-quality microphone, noise-canceling headphones, and the proper software (Audacity, which is free, and GarageBand, which is free for Apple users, are options).

3. Tutoring

If you have a degree in a specific subject, such as math or science, and experience in and/or a talent for explaining concepts to others, you may be able to find work online or in person as a tutor. This could be a good side hustle for college students, who are steeped in a particular topic. You can try posting about services on social media and running local ads, or you might find work on tutoring platforms like iTutor or Varsity Tutors.

If you are interested in tutoring for standardized test prep, it can be a good idea to seek certification. Though not required, it can make it easier to land clients. Search online for options; SAT tutors can earn more than $20 an hour or much more, depending on experience and location.

4. Selling Digital Products or Crafts on Etsy

If you enjoy making crafts and artwork, you might find a market on Etsy or other online marketplaces to sell your stuff. Custom signs, homemade soaps and candles, knitted scarves and blankets, and handmade jewelry are just a few examples of what artists currently sell. This can be a good opportunity to turn a hobby you love into an income stream.

How much you can earn depends on a variety of factors, including what you make, the prices you charge, and how much you sell. Your costs will include the price of materials and shipping, as well as listing and transaction fees, but you can set your own prices for your items to help offset those. To get started, check Etsy’s selling guide for beginners.

5. No-Code Web Design

Though the number of active websites is always changing, there were about 200 million at the end of December 2025. And someone had to make each one, which highlights another one of the low-investment side hustles you could pursue.

Platforms like WordPress, Squarespace, and Wix make it easier for non-coders to build semi-customized websites. If you’re a fast learner or have some experience in website building, this could be an easy way for you to make some quick cash. Freelance web designers earn almost $35 an hour on average across the U.S.

You can start by making your own website to advertise your offerings. It might be a good idea to connect with friends, family, classmates, colleagues, and even local nonprofits to offer your services for free so that you can build a portfolio. Then, once you have enough examples to showcase, you can start looking for clients for paid work.

6. Get Paid for Your Social Media Posts

Not everyone can be a famous influencer, but if social media and video content are your forte, you might consider building on your social media presence, from TikTok to YouTube. Even micro-influencers, with 10,000 to 100,000 followers on Instagram, can earn between $100 and $500 per post. You could have your earnings direct-deposited into a checking account (and even potentially get a direct deposit bonus offer).

While it takes time, dedication, and some luck to have tens or hundreds of thousands of followers, it can be a path to making some cash from content you probably enjoy creating. Everything from DIY renovation to makeup tutorials to movie reviews could be fair game as your subject matter.

7. Being a Transcriptionist

If you’re a fast typer, you might find side-hustle success as a transcriptionist. Companies like Rev and GoTranscript may be seeking your skills.

This is a job you can do from home (in sweat pants, no less) for as many or as few hours as you would like. Rev says its transcriptionists can make $156 monthly for 15 jobs, and some transcriptionists can make considerably more.

Your startup costs might only include a pair of noise-canceling headphones and audio player software.

8. Social Media Management

If you spend a lot of time on social media, you might be able to turn it into a lucrative side gig. Smaller, local companies might not have the manpower or know the first thing about creating Instagram Reels or going live.

You might start by updating your LinkedIn to show that you are looking for clients in the social media space. A website highlighting your own personal social media stats might be a good idea, too. To kick off your side hustle, you could consider building your portfolio by offering free services to a nonprofit or local business with a limited budget.

A social media manager who is just starting out might earn $15 an hour; those with more experience may earn four times that amount or more.

Keep in mind: Running your own personal Instagram is very different from running social for businesses. Taking a few online courses on Udemy or another platform to learn best practices for social media management could be extremely valuable.

9. Proofreading and Writing

If you have an English degree and you are an avid reader and wordsmith, you might be able to find freelance side gigs as a proofreader or even a writer. Some might be one-off projects, like proofreading someone’s novel; others could be recurring, like working as a contributing writer to a travel website.

As with most side hustles of this nature, having an online portfolio is a good idea. That means you might want to take some low-paying (or free) gigs at first until you’ve proven to potential clients that you’re worth your rate. Clients often post job listings on sites like Indeed, Upwork, FlexJobs, and Fiverr.

You may need to learn or brush up on specific style guides, like AP and Chicago. But it can be worth it: Proofreaders with some experience may pull in $25 to $50 per hour. Writers who are intermediate level currently average about $28 to $35 an hour for freelance work, while those who are experienced may pull in $50 to $100 an hour.

10. Being a Virtual Assistant

At large companies, the executives typically have their own assistants. But leaders at small businesses often wear many hats, from scheduling to accounting to sales. These leaders often need help but can’t afford an assistant full-time.

That’s where virtual assistants come in. These contracted administrative assistants might handle a wide range of tasks that business decision-makers don’t want to do or don’t have time for. This could include data entry, scheduling, bookkeeping, travel arrangement, email management, or even social media posting.

If you’re organized and have done this kind of work before, it can be a good side hustle with no special equipment or training needed. The median hourly rate is typically $19 but could be closer to $30 or more, depending on your level of expertise and the exact role.

11. Testing Websites and Apps

If you spend a lot of time online and using apps on your phone, you could put your knowledge and experience to good use by becoming a user tester for websites and apps.

Here’s how it works: Companies are looking for honest feedback on their digital products, and they will often partner with testing platforms to recruit testers. For this gig, you’ll review the products and give your opinion on such things as user experience, functionality, ease of navigation, design, layout, and so on.

To become a tester, you can apply on platforms like Userlytics and User Testing. You could earn up to $30 per test. Once you start getting paid, you can deposit the money from your phone right into your bank account.

12. Affiliate Marketing

If you are an online content creator on Instagram, TikTok, or YouTube with a devoted following, this could be an ideal role for you. As an affiliate marketer, you’ll earn money by recommending products you use and like by providing a tracking link to the product that’s unique to you. Every time someone uses the link to purchase the product, you’ll get a percentage of the sale.

To get started in affiliate marketing, decide on your area of interest or expertise like fitness or travel. Next, you can choose an affiliate program that corresponds to your area through an affiliate marketplace or network such as Flex Offers or Amazon Associates, or by reaching out to brands directly. Then you’ll get started by promoting specific products in stories, posts, or videos on your platform.

How much you’ll earn depends on the size of your audience, the amount of traffic your link sends to the brand or company, and the rates you negotiate with the brand. Commissions for products might be anywhere from 1% to 20%. Just be aware that you will need to follow FTC rules and alert your audience whenever you’re earning money with affiliate links.

Service-Based & Offline Side Hustles

Digital side hustles aren’t the only way to go. There are plenty of hands-on side hustle opportunities, such as:

13. Renting Your Clothes Out to Others

If you have a sense of style that’s always garnering compliments, or you’ve invested in luxury label items over the years, you might find that others are willing to pay to borrow your clothes. Sites like Le Ora and Tulerie offer platforms for listing your clothes and earning some cash. Since you already own the clothes and accessories, this could be a low-cost side business.

How much you make will depend on how much clothing you have to rent, how prestigious its label is, and how in demand the styles are.

14. Flipping Furniture

Flipping furniture can be as easy as canvassing neighborhood groups on social media to see people listing furniture for free or a very low price. If a piece seems to have any value, you can claim it and then list it for sale on Craigslist, Facebook Marketplace, or Nextdoor.

You can also shop for cheap used furniture at garage sales, thrift stores, and estate sales.

To make a little more per piece, you could add a fresh coat of paint and maybe install new hardware. This can be a fun, creative way to bring in money. How much you make varies, depending on what and how much you sell.

15. Driving With Rideshare Services

Startup costs for Uber and Lyft are arguably high; you need a car after all. But if you already own a vehicle that meets a rideshare program’s criteria (and you’re already paying for the car insurance), you could start offering rides with nothing more than the cost of a tank of gas.

Plus, this is a side hustle that can really fit your schedule; you could do it on weekends or whenever you have a day off. Nationwide, rideshare drivers make about $21 an hour.

16. Delivering Food and Groceries

If driving people around doesn’t appeal, consider freelance food delivery instead. Today, your options are plenty, including DoorDash and Uber Eats.

This is a good time to get in on the food delivery game; food delivery app usage skyrocketed in 2020 and continued to grow in the following years. In 2025, food delivery in the U.S. grew more than 21%.

Delivering takeout isn’t your only option. You can also deliver groceries with apps like Instacart, as well as through many grocery chains. While the pay will vary, you might make $15 to $20 per hour plus tips, which you can easily transfer into your checking or savings account with mobile banking.

17. Giving Music Lessons

If you play an instrument and you enjoy teaching, you might be able to give music lessons on the side. Having a degree in music may be helpful in lining up potential clients, but it’s not a prerequisite.

You can set your own rates, but finding students initially may require lower prices or even free lessons for family and friends, just to build out a network of students who will offer referrals and testimonials. The good news is that you can offer lessons from your home, and students will generally bring their own instruments, which means you’ll have very low — or no — startup costs.

18. Pet Sitting and Dog Walking

If you love animals and you’re good with them, pet sitting and dog walking could be a natural fit. You may be able to find people in your neighborhood whose dogs you can walk regularly during the week when they’re at work. And/or you can also take care of pets when their owners are away.

To find clients, put up signs in your neighborhood and post your services on social media. Volunteer to take care of your friends’ pets and ask them to offer testimonials and referrals on your behalf.

You can also sign up for gigs through a platform like Rover or Wag, though they will take a cut of the money you earn. Speaking of earnings, pet sitters make about $16 an hour in the U.S.

19. House Sitting

As a house sitter, you’ll take care of someone’s home while they’re away — and earn money and get free accommodations while you’re at it. The duties you’ll perform as a house sitter typically depend on the particular job and what the homeowner wants. You may need to clean, water plants, bring in mail, and take care of any emergencies that might occur, like a leaking pipe. If the owner has a pet you may be asked to take care of them as well.

To get gigs as a house sitter, you typically need experience, as well as good references. After all, you’ll be caring for and living in someone’s home and they’ll want a house sitter they can trust. Start out by house sitting for friends or neighbors, and ask them to be references for you.

You can find house sitting jobs on websites like House Sitters America or through word of mouth. You can post your house sitting services on social media and even create a website that details your experience and offers testimonials. House sitters typically make just over $16 an hour nationwide.

20. Local Tour Guide

If you live in an area that draws travelers, becoming a local tour guide could be a fun side hustle. For example, if you live in a town with a rich heritage or interesting sights, or in an area that’s historic or has unique landmarks, you may be able to offer your services by giving tours to visitors.

Be sure to bring your particular expertise into the equation as well. If you are a history buff, food lover, or nature enthusiast, you could share your passion with others by introducing them to remarkable spots in your area and giving them insider information about each one.

Whatever your interest or specialty is, you’ll need to create a website to promote your services and develop tour itineraries to help draw customers. You could also join a platform such as ToursByLocals! that can connect you with clients. Local tour guides across the country earn, on average, $23 an hour.

21. Reselling Thrifting Finds

This side hustle involves finding items at thrift stores that you can turn around and quickly and easily resell or “flip” on an online platform. The trick is to locate items that other people want so you can earn a profit, and choosing one specialty can help give you direction and a niche.

To get started, think about what you’re interested in. For instance, if you’re a cook, you might decide to specialize in kitchen equipment or coveted vintage dishes and bakeware. Once you’ve decided on the items you plan to focus on, do some research to see what sells on eBay and Facebook Marketplace. Get a sense of what you should be able to buy them for at thrift stores, and how much you can mark them up and resell them for. What you can earn varies widely depending on what and how much you sell.

How to Manage Your Side Hustle Income

A very important factor in a successful side hustle is how you manage your money. Taking the time to plan for this in the beginning can help you keep your finances organized.

Tracking Expenses and Revenue

Track the money you make from your side hustle (aka your revenue) separately from your other income and your personal funds so you know exactly how much you’re making. You could set up a separate bank account for your side business to help with money management by shopping around for the best high yield savings account or whatever type of account suits your needs.

Another option is a bank account that lets you put your different types of savings into different “buckets.” You could do this by starting a high-yield savings vault. One vault or bucket could be for your side hustle, another could be for the vacation you’re saving up for, and so on.

It’s also crucial to track the expenses you incur from your side hustle. Keep them separate from your personal expenses and it will be easier to manage them come tax time.

Understanding Self-Employment Taxes

As an individual with a side hustle, you are generally considered self-employed, and the income you make from your side hustle is considered self-employment income by the IRS. That means you will need to report the income on a Schedule C (Profit or Loss From Business) with your tax return. Any self-employment earnings over $400 are taxable, and you’ll also need to file a Schedule SE (Self-Employment Tax) to cover Medicare and Social Security requirements.

The good news is that you may be able to deduct expenses for your side hustle from your taxable income. You can typically deduct such things as the cost of materials, tools or equipment, mileage, home office expenses, and even a portion of your internet and cell phone bills if you do your work online. Keep records and receipts of all your business expenses so that you can accurately report them.

Finally, as a self-employed person, you will need to pay quarterly taxes since taxes aren’t taken out of your paycheck the way they are with a traditional job.

You may want to consult a tax professional about all this since it can be complex and it’s important to get it right.

The Takeaway

A side hustle can help you earn extra money in your free time for relatively low startup costs and without requiring a degree. From virtual assistant to social media manager to house sitter, there are a variety of options an aspiring part-time entrepreneur can choose from.

How much you can earn generally depends on the type of job you choose and how many hours you devote to it, among other factors. To track your earnings and any expenses, you can put the money from a side hustle in a separate bank account, which makes it easier to manage.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

Which low-cost side hustles pay the most?

Generally speaking, side hustles that involve digital skills, such as web designer and social media manager, may pay more than some others. But many side hustles allow you to set your own rates and hours, so the gig may be as lucrative as you make it, depending on the hours invested.

Do I need an LLC for a side hustle?

You are not required to have an LLC (limited liability company) for a side hustle. However, you might choose to set up an LLC if and when: You start making a significant amount of money; you’re worried about liability (without an LLC you may be personally responsible for accidents and injuries), and if you are planning to turn your side hustle into a bigger business. Essentially, an LLC is a business structure that protects you and your personal assets from liability; it also has certain tax advantages.

Can you start a side hustle with $0?

Yes, it’s possible to start a side hustle without paying a dime. Some side hustles typically have no startup costs at all, such as a dog walker or pet sitter, virtual assistant, writer or proofreader, and tutor.

What are the best low-effort side hustles?

Some of the best low-effort side hustles use items you already have, such as renting out your clothes or a room in your home. Others involve using your skills, such as making social media posts if you’re a big social media user, or teaching music if you’re a musician. One low-effort side hustle almost anyone can do is user testing of websites and apps.

How do I find time for a side hustle with a full-time job?

If you have a full-time job, you can choose a flexible side hustle that allows you to set your own hours and that you can do in your free time, such evenings and weekends. Also, look for a side hustle that allows you to devote as much — or as few — hours as you want. Some possibilities include pet sitting and house sitting, tutoring, giving music lessons, and driving with a ride share service.

Photo credit: iStock/Yana Iskayeva

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOBNK-Q126-008

Feb

2026

An up-close image of the hand of a woman who is holding a pen and using a calculator to work on her 401(k) plan.

What is a 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan?

By Anna Davies | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Like a traditional 401(k) plan, a profit-sharing 401(k) plan is an employee benefit that can provide a vehicle for tax-deferred retirement savings. But the biggest difference between an employer-sponsored 401(k) and a profit-sharing 401(k) plan is that in a profit share plan, employers have control over how much money — if any — they contribute to the employee’s account from year to year.

Here’s what employees should know about a profit-sharing 401(k) retirement plan.

Table of Contents

How Does 401(k) Profit Sharing Work?
Pros and Cons of 401(k) Profit Sharing
Withdrawals and Taxes on 401(k) Profit Share Plans
FAQ

Key Points

• Profit-sharing 401(k) plans provide tax-deferred retirement savings with optional employer contributions based on company profits.

• Employees can contribute up to $23,500 in 2025, and up to $24,500 in 2026, plus catch-up contributions for those aged 50 and up.

• Employer contributions are flexible, potentially helping to reduce tax liability.

• Types of profit-shating 401(k)s include Pro-Rata, New Comparability, Age-Weighted, and Integrated plans, each with unique distribution methods.

• For some employees, profit-sharing 401(k) plans may be more lucrative than a traditional 401(k) .

Aside from the way employer contributions are handled, a profit-sharing 401(k) plan works similarly to a traditional employer-sponsored 401(k). Under a 401(k) profit share plan, as with a regular 401(k) plan, an employee can allocate a portion of pre-tax income into a 401(k) account, up to a maximum of $23,500 in 2025 and $24,500 in 2026.

Those 50 and older can contribute an additional $7,500 in catch-up contributions, in 2025 for a total of up to $31,000, and an additional $8,000 in catch-up contributions in 2026 for a total of $32,500. In both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 can make special catch-contributions of up to $11,250 (instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively), for a total of $34,750 in 2025 and $35,750 in 2026, thanks to SECURE 2.0.

Under a new law regarding catch-up contributions that went into effect on January 1, 2026 (as part of SECURE 2.0), individuals aged 50 and older who earned more than $150,000 in FICA wages in 2025 are required to put their 401(k) catch-up contributions into a Roth 401(k) account. With Roth accounts, individuals pay taxes on contributions upfront, but can make qualified withdrawals tax-free in retirement.

At year’s end, employers can choose to contribute part of their profits to employees’ plans, tax-deferred. As with a traditional 401(k), maximum total contributions to an account must be the lesser of 100% of the employee’s salary or $70,000 in 2025 and $72,000 in 2026, per the IRS. In 2025, the limit is $77,500 for those 50 and up, and $81,250 for those aged 60 to 63, because of SECURE 2.0. In 2026, the limit is $80,000 for those 50 and older, and $83,250 for those aged 60 to 63.

There are several types of 401(k) profit-sharing setups employers can choose from. Each of these distributes funds in slightly different ways.

Pro-Rata Plans

In this common type of plan, all employees receive employer contributions at the same rate. In other words, the employer can make the decision to contribute 3% (or any percentage they choose) of an employee’s compensation as an employer contribution. The amount an employer can contribute is capped at 25% of total employee compensation paid to participants in the plan.

New Comparability 401(k) Profit Sharing

In this plan, employers can group employees when outlining a contribution plan. For example, executives could receive a certain percentage of their compensation as contribution, while other employees could receive a different percentage. This might be an option for a small business with several owners that wish to be compensated through a profit-sharing plan.

Age-Weighted Plans

This plan calculates percentage contributions based on retirement age. In other words, older employees will receive a greater percentage of their salary than younger employees, by birth date. This can be a way for employers to retain talent over time.

Integrated Profit Sharing

This type of plan uses Social Security (SS) taxable income levels to calculate the amount the employer shares with employees. Because Social Security benefits are only paid on compensation below a certain threshold, this method allows employers to make up for lost SS compensation to high earners, by giving them a larger cut of the profit sharing.

There are benefits and drawbacks for both employers and employees who participate in a profit-sharing 401(k) plan.

Employer Pro: Flexibility of Employer Contributions

Flexibility with plan contribution amounts is one reason profit-share plans are popular with employers. An employer can set aside a portion of their pre-tax earnings to share with employees at the end of the year. If the business doesn’t do well, they may not allocate any dollars. But if the business does do well, they can allow employees to benefit from the additional profits.

Employer Pro: Flexibility in Distributions

Profit sharing also gives employers flexibility in how they wish to distribute funds among employees, using the Pro-Rata, New Comparability, Age-Weighted, or Integrated profit sharing strategy.

Employer Pro: Lower Tax Liability

Another advantage of profit-share plans is that they may allow employers to lower tax liability during profitable years. A traditional employer contribution to a 401(k) does not have the flexibility of changing the contribution based on profits, so this strategy may help a company maintain financial liquidity during lean years and lower tax liability during profitable years.

Employee Pro: Larger Contribution Potential

Some employees might appreciate that their employer 401(k) contribution is tied to profits, as the compensation might feel like a more direct reflection of the hard work they and others put into the company. When the company succeeds, they feel the love in their contribution amounts.

Additionally, depending on the type of distribution strategy the employer utilizes, certain employees may find a profit-sharing 401(k) plan to be more lucrative than a traditional 401(k) plan. For example, an executive in a company that follows the New Compatibility approach might be pleased with the larger percentage of profits shared, versus more junior staffers.

Employee Con: Inconsistent Contributions

While employers may consider the flexibility in contributions from year to year a positive, it’s possible that employees might find that same attribute of profit-sharing 401(k) plans to be a negative. The unpredictability of profit share plans can be disconcerting to some employees who may have previously worked for an employer who had a traditional, consistent employer 401(k) match set up.

Employee/Employer Pro: Solo 401(k) Contributions

A profit-share strategy can be one way solo business owners can maximize their retirement savings. Once a solo 401(k) is set up with profit sharing, a business owner can put up to $23,500 a year into the account, plus up to 25% of net earnings, up to a total of $70,000 in 2025, and up to $24,500 in 2026, plus up to 25% net of earnings, up to a total of $72,000. This retirement savings vehicle also provides flexibility from year to year, depending on profits.

A 401(k) with a generous profit-share plan can help you build your retirement nest egg. But what about when you’re ready to take out distributions? A 401(k) withdrawal will have penalties if you withdraw funds before you’re 59 ½ (barring certain circumstances laid out by the IRS) but the money will still be taxable income once you reach retirement age.

Additionally, like traditional 401(k) plans, a profit-sharing 401(k) plan has required minimum distribution requirements (RMDs) once an account holder turns 73.

Investors who anticipate being in a high tax bracket during their retirement years might choose to consider different strategies to lower their tax liability in the future. For some, this could include converting the 401(k) into a Roth IRA when doing a rollover. To do this, they first have to roll over the 401(k) to a traditional IRA. This is sometimes called a “backdoor Roth IRA” because rolling over the 401(k) generally does not subject an investor to the income limitations that cap Roth contributions.

An investor would need to pay taxes on the money they convert into a Roth IRA, but distributions in retirement years would not be taxed the way they would have if they were kept in a 401(k). In general, any 401(k) participant who qualifies for a Roth IRA can do this, but the additional funds in a 401(k) profit-share account could potentially make these moves that much more impactful in the future.

The Takeaway

A 401(k) profit-sharing plan allows employees to contribute pre-tax dollars to their retirement savings, as well as benefit from their employer’s profitability. But because profit-share plans can take multiple forms, it’s important for employees to understand what their employer is offering. That way, employees can work to create a robust retirement savings strategy that makes sense for them.

Another step that could also help you manage your retirement savings is doing a 401(k) rollover, where you move funds from an old account to a rollover IRA. You may want to consider this option if you have a 401(k) from a previous employer, for instance.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

🛈 While SoFi does not offer 401(k) plans at this time, we do offer individual retirement accounts (IRAs)..

FAQ

Can I cash out my profit-sharing?

You can cash out your profit-sharing 401(k) without penalty once you reach age 59 ½. Withdrawals taken before that time are subject to penalty. However, if you leave the company, you can roll over the profit-sharing 401(k) into an IRA without penalty as long as you follow the IRS rollover rules.

How much tax do you pay on profit-sharing withdrawal?

You pay regular income tax on profit-sharing withdrawals. Depending on what tax bracket you’re in, you might pay anywhere from 10% to 37%.

Is profit-sharing 100% vested?

Depending on your company, your profit-sharing contributions may be 100% vested right away, or they may follow a vesting schedule that requires you to work for a certain number of years before you have full ownership of your contributions.

Can I roll my profit-sharing plan into an IRA?

You can roll over your profit-sharing plan into an IRA when you leave your company. You can choose to have the funds directly transferred from your profit-sharing plan to an IRA, or you can have the money paid to you and then deposit the funds into an IRA yourself. Just be sure to complete the rollover within 60 days to avoid being taxed.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q425-024
Q126-3525874-046

Feb

2026

Benefits, Drawbacks, and Options of a Self-Directed 401(k) Plan

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Table of Contents

What Is a Self-Directed 401(k) Account?
Who Is Eligible for a Self-Directed 401(k)?
How to Set Up a Self-Directed 401(k)
Pros and Cons of Self-Directed 401(k)s
How Much Money Can be Put in a Self-Directed IRA?
Common Self-Directed 401(k) Investments
Investments That Aren’t Allowed Under Self-Directed 401(k) Plan Rules
FAQ

Self-directed 401(k) accounts aren’t as common as traditional 401(k) plans, but they can be of interest to DIY-minded investors.

Self-directed 401(k) plans — which may be employer-sponsored or available as a solo 401(k) for self-employed individuals — expand account holders’ investment choices, giving them more control over their own retirement plans. Instead of being limited to a packaged fund, an investor can choose specific stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and possibly even alternative investments, in which to invest their retirement money.

Key Points

• Eligibility for a self-directed 401(k) requires taxable income and employment by a company offering the plan or being self-employed with no employees except a spouse.

• Setting up a self-directed 401(k) involves establishing the account and then funding it by transferring funds from another 401(k) or IRA, using funds from a company received through profit-sharing, or making direct contributions.

• Benefits of a self-directed 401(k) include more investment options, tax deferral, potential employer matching, and potential diversification with alternative assets.

• Drawbacks include higher risks, especially with alternative assets; higher fees; and significant time spent managing the account.

• Prohibited investments are real estate with family ties, loans to family members, and transactions offering investment benefits beyond returns.

What Is a Self-Directed 401(k) Account?

The key promise of self-directed 401(k) plans is control. They allow retirement plan savers to basically act as managers for their own retirement funds.

A self-directed 401(k) plan offers expanded investment choices, including stocks, bonds, funds, and cash, and potentially alternative investments like real estate investment trusts (REITs) and commodities, if the plan allows for these alternative investments.

For a plan holder who believes they have the investment know-how to leverage better returns than a managed 401(k) or target-date fund, a self-directed 401(k) may be an appealing choice.

💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Who Is Eligible for a Self-Directed 401(k)?

As long as your employer offers a self-directed 401(k), and you have earned taxable income for the current calendar year, you can enroll.

Alternatively, if you are self-employed and own and run a small business alone, with no employees (aside from a spouse), and your business earns an income, you are also eligible. You can search for a financial institution that offers self-directed plans, which might include a solo 401(k).

This is one of the self-employed retirement options you may want to consider.

How to Set Up a Self-Directed 401(k)

Setting up a self-directed 401(k) plan can be fairly straightforward. Once a 401(k) or solo 401(k) account is established, individuals can fund it in the following ways:

• Plan transfer. Funds can be shifted from previous or existing 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). However, Roth IRAs can’t be transferred.

• Profit sharing. An employee receiving funds from a company through profit sharing can use that money to open a self-directed 401(k) plan — up to 25% of the profit share amount.

• Direct plan contributions. Any income related to employment can be contributed to a self-directed 401(k) plan.

Recommended: How to Manage Your 401(k)

Pros and Cons of Self-Directed 401(k)s

Like most investment vehicles, self-managed 401(k) plans have their upsides and downsides.

Pros of Self-Directed 401(k) Plans

These attributes are some of the self-directed 401(k) plan advantages:

• More options. Self-directed 401(k) plans allow retirement savers to gain more control, flexibility, and expanded investment choices compared to traditional 401(k) plans.

• Tax deferral. Like regular 401(k) plans, self-directed 401(k) plan contributions and asset gains are tax-deferred.

• Employee matching. Self-directed 401(k) plans allow for employer matching contributions, potentially paving the way for more robust retirement plan growth.

• Plan diversity. Account holders can invest in assets not typically offered to 401(k) plan investors. This potentially includes alternative investments like REITs, precious metals like gold, silver and platinum, and private companies, depending on what the 401(k) plan allows, thus lending additional potential for diversity to self-directed 401(k) plans.

Cons of Self-Directed 401(k) Plans

These caveats and concerns are most often associated with self-directed 401(k) plans:

• Higher-risk investments. Historically, alternative investments come with more volatility — and hence more risk — than stocks and bonds.

• Diversification is on the investor. You’ll need to choose among stocks, bonds and funds to augment your self-directed 401(k) plan asset allocation.

• Higher fees. Typically, self-directed employer retirement plans cost employees more to manage, especially if an investor makes frequent trades.

• Larger time investment. Since self-directed 401(k) plans offer access to more investment platforms, savers will likely need to spend more time doing their due diligence to research, select, and manage their plan options, especially in the area of risk assessment.

How Much Money Can be Put in a Self-Directed IRA?

The amount an investor can contribute to a self-directed IRA is the same as the amount that can be contributed to a traditional IRA account. The annual contribution limit is $7,000 for tax year 2025. Those 50 and older can contribute an additional $1,000 to a self-directed IRA in 2025 for a total of $8,000 per year. For tax year 2026, the annual contribution limit is $7,500. Those 50 and older can contribute an extra $1,100 for a total of $8,600 in 2026.

For a self-directed 401(k), the amount that can be contributed is the same as the contribution limits for a traditional 401(k). For 2025, the limit is $23,500. Those 50 and older can make an additional catch-up contribution of up to $7,500, for a total of up to $31,000. In 2025, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250 (instead of $7,500), for a total of $34,750.

For 2026, the contribution limit is $24,500. Those 50 and older can contribute an additional catch-up of $8,000, for a total of $32,500. And in 2026, those 60 to 63 may again contribute an additional $11,250 (instead of $8,000), for a total of $35,750.

Under a new law that went into effect on January 1, 2026 as part of SECURE 2.0, individuals aged 50 and older who earned more than $150,000 in FICA wages in 2025 are required to put their 401(k) catch-up contributions into a Roth 401(k) account. With Roths, individuals pay taxes on contributions upfront, but can make qualified withdrawals tax-free in retirement.

Recommended: Guide to Self-Directed IRAs

Common Self-Directed 401(k) Investments

The ability to choose from an expanded list of investment categories may be an intriguing benefit for a 401(k) plan holder who believes they have the investment know-how to leverage better returns from those investments.

However, the key is understanding what potential opportunities and what risks certain self-directed investment vehicles bring to the table. Here’s a closer look at two alternative investments that may be offered by some self-directed 401(k) plans.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

Through a REIT, individuals with a self-directed 401(k) plan can potentially invest in residential or commercial properties with the goal of income generation — without having to actually buy property. A REIT is a company that owns and maintains different types of properties; investors can buy shares in the REIT.

Examples of properties that might be in a REIT include:

• Apartment buildings

• Hotels

• Office buildings

• Single-family homes

• Shopping malls or other retail centers

• Storage facilities and warehouses

• Health care facilities

REITs can be publicly traded or private. To invest in a publicly-traded REIT with a self-directed 401(k) plan, an investor would use their 401(k) funds to purchase shares in the REIT. The REIT would then pay out dividends on the income collected through rent, mortgages, and so on. REITs are required to distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to shareholders each year as dividends.

An investor might also choose to invest in REIT mutual funds or REIT exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These vehicles can provide ways to diversify holdings.

However, REITs come with risks. For example, they can be affected by fluctuations in the real estate market, such as falling property values or reduced occupancy demand. In addition, when interest rates rise, REIT prices may drop, which could lower the value of the investment. Individuals with a self-directed 401(k) should fully research and understand the risks of investing in a REIT.

Precious metals

Investing in certain precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum may be allowable with some self-directed 401(k) plans. However, these precious metals must meet specific requirements by the IRS — including purity standards and storage restrictions — to be held in a self-directed 401(k). Self-directed 401(k) plan participants may be able to invest in precious metals more easily via stocks or certain commodity funds — but again, only if their plan allows such investments.

It’s essential to remember that precious metal investing can be high risk, since gold, silver, and other metals can be highly volatile in value. Potential investors would need to be well prepared for that kind of risk.

Investments That Aren’t Allowed Under Self-Directed 401(k) Plan Rules

While there are a number of different types of investment vehicles that are included in many self-directed 401(k) plans, regulatory rules do prohibit specific investment activities tied to several of those asset classes. The following investment strategies and associated transactions, for example, would not pass muster in self-directed 401(k) plans.

Real Estate With Family Ties

While investing in REITS may be allowed in some self-directed 401(k) plans, using real estate for extended personal gain is not allowed. For example, that could include buying an apartment and allowing a family member to live there, or purchasing a slice of a family business and holding it as a 401(k) plan asset. Neither of these scenarios is allowed under 401(k) plan regulatory rules.

Loans

Self-directed 401(k) plan consumers may not loan any plan money to family members or sign any loan guarantees on funds used in a self-directed 401(k) plan.

No Investment Benefit Beyond Asset Returns

Self-directed 401(k) plan holders cannot earn “extra” funds through transactions linked to plan assets. For example, a plan holder can invest in a REIT under 401(k) plan rules (as long as their plan allows for it) but they cannot charge any management fees nor receive any commissions from the sale of that property.

Basically, a self-directed 401(k) plan participant cannot invest in any asset category that leads to that plan participant garnering a financial benefit that goes beyond the investment appreciation of that asset.

The Takeaway

While self-directed 401(k) plans can add value to a retirement fund, self-directed retirement planning is not for everyone.

This type of account typically requires more hands-on involvement from the plan holder than a traditional 401(k) fund does, and it may incur more fees. Additionally, investing in alternative investments comes with higher risk, which may not be suitable for some investors. Another type of retirement account may be a better option in this case.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

🛈 While SoFi does not offer 401(k) plans at this time, we do offer a range of individual retirement accounts (IRAs).

FAQ

What is the difference between an individual 401(k) and a self-directed 401(k)?

A self-directed 401(k) gives account holders more investment choices, as well as more control over their own retirement plans. Instead of being limited to a packaged fund as they would be with an individual 401(k), an investor can choose specific stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and potentially even alternative investments (depending on what the plan allows), in which to invest their retirement money.

Can I roll my traditional 401(k) into a self-directed 401(k)?

Yes. You can shift funds from a previous or existing 401(k) plan or individual retirement account (IRA) into a self-directed 401(k). The exception to this is a Roth IRA, which can’t be transferred.

How is a self-directed 401(k) taxed?

Like regular 401(k) plans, all self-directed 401(k) plan contributions and asset gains are tax-deferred until withdrawn. With self-directed 401(k)s, there is a 10% tax penalty for early withdrawals (before age 59 ½), the same as with traditional 401(k)s.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should read and carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Mutual Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or SoFi's customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risks. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may have tax implications.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk, but cannot guarantee profit nor fully protect in a down market.

Before investing, carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses detailed in a Fund’s prospectus. This document contains important information and must be read carefully prior to investing; you can find the current prospectus by clicking the link on the Fund’s respective page.
Alternative investments are highly risky and may not be suitable for all investors. These investments often involve leveraging, speculative practices, and the potential for complete loss of investment. They typically charge high fees, lack diversification, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Be aware that both registered and unregistered alternative investments, including Interval Funds, are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds, and their illiquid nature may restrict your ability to trade on your timeline. Always review the specific fee schedule for Interval Funds within their prospectus.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOIN-Q325-110
CN-Q425-3236452-84
Q126-3525874-051