invest Archives

Jan

2026

A woman wearing glasses, and smiling, reviews the performance of her investments on a computer monitor.

What Is Mean Reversion and How Can You Trade It?

By Matthew Zeitlin | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

Mean reversion is a mathematical concept which holds that over time statistical measurements return to a long-run normal. In investing, mean reversion holds that while a market or an asset may go up and down in the short-term, over time, it should theoretically return to its long-term trend.

If traders anticipate that a market may revert to the mean, they can use that expectation to inform their strategy going forward.

Table of Contents

What Is Mean Reversion?
Mean Reversion Strategies
The Risks of Mean Reversion Strategy
How to Implement a Mean Reversion Strategy
Factors in Creating a Mean Reversion Strategy
FAQ

Key Points

• Mean reversion is a mathematical concept that states assets tend to return to their long-term trends over time.

• Traders may use mean reversion to inform their strategies and expect assets to return to their historical behaviors.

• Mean reversion applies not only to individual stocks, but also to sectors, commodities, and foreign currencies.

• Implementing a mean reversion strategy requires identifying patterns and attempting to time the reversion correctly.

• Mean reversion strategies depend on regularities staying consistent, and there are risks if structural shifts occur in the market or economy.

What Is Mean Reversion?

When stocks revert to the mean, their returns or other characteristics match what they’ve been over a longer period of time than the recent past. This can mean that a stock that becomes highly volatile may revert back to being less volatile; a stock that becomes more expensive (meaning its price far outpaces its earnings) may become cheap; and, quite importantly, the other way around. Mean reversion can work in both directions.

The mean reversion concept not only applies to individual shares, but also to whole sectors of the economy or of the stock market, like, say, consumer product companies or pharmaceutical companies or any other chunk of the market that shares enough with each other to be classed together. Alternative assets, such as commodities or foreign currencies can also revert to the mean.

The theory applies to more than just prices, the volatility of a given asset can mean revert, which can matter for trading and pricing more exotic financial products like options and other derivatives.

Mean Reversion Strategies

With any generality or principle of the market comes the obvious question: Is there a strategy here? Can this be traded?

Mean reversion trading is a strategy based on reversion to the mean happening, basically that stocks or some asset will return to its typical, long-run historical behavior.

Actually working out a mean reversion strategy is not as simple as thinking a certain stock is out of whack and waiting for things to get back to normal, it requires the ability to flag patterns to make an educated guess about when mean reversion will happen.

After all, if you just know that a stock is going to revert to the mean, you can still pile up large losses or miss out on potential returns you can’t time the reversion correctly — go too early and you’ll have to eat the stock being the “wrong” price before reversion to the mean happens, go too late and the gains have already evaporated as the change in price or returns has already occurred.

The Risks of Mean Reversion Strategy

Mean reversion strategies depend on statistical and historical regularites staying, well, regular. There are some that are pretty well validated, although with sharp and scary exceptions, like that stocks tend to go up over time and outperform other asset classes. But mean reversion involves certain relationships between stocks and assets staying true over time.

In some cases, mean reversion never occurs. Companies or sectors can have continually growing returns over a long period of time if there’s some kind of structural shift in the economy or market in which they operate. This can mean that returns increase over time or stay quite high.

This can happen for a few reasons. A company could gain or lose a dominant position in a given market, technological changes can advantage certain firms and disadvantage others, such that returns move permanently (or at least close enough to permanently for a given investment strategy) to a higher level and lower to another. Or there could be a global pandemic that permanently changes the way that companies do business, or long-run inflation that impacts profitability.

How to Implement a Mean Reversion Strategy

There are some basic statistical and financial tools to help create mean reversion strategy. As always, active trading and trying to time the market is risky and sometimes the whole market moves up and down and that can swamp whatever strategy you might have for an individual stock or sector.

Part of implementing a mean reversion strategy is getting a sense of stock trends or a trend trading strategy, whether past movement in a stock up or down might indicate that it may continue in that direction.

This can involve trying to discern bullish indicators for stocks, giving you a sense of when stock returns may have the potential to go up. Often traders combine this strategy with forms of technical analysis, including the use of candlestick patterns.

Alternatively, you will need to have a sense of when a stock is underperforming in order to profit from buying it before it reverts to the mean upwards.

Factors in Creating a Mean Reversion Strategy

There are many factors that institutional and retail investors need to consider when devising a mean reversion strategy.

Determining the Mean

In this case, you’ll need to think about what period of time you are using to determine a stock or sector’s “normal” or “average” behavior. This matters because it will determine how long you decide to hold a stock or when you plan to sell it before or after the reversion to the mean occurs.

Timing

To execute a mean reversion strategy, you have to know when a stock’s price movement may be sufficient to execute the trade. It helps to determine this point in advance.

Determine the Bounds

What is the “normal” behavior, whether it’s price-to-equity ratio, volatility, or some other metric you’re looking at. To determine whether something is far beyond its mean, either high or low, you need a good sense of its normal range.

Qualitative Factors

Mean reversion and trading reversion to the mean is, of course, a quantitative endeavor. You need to compile statistics and make projections going forward in order to implement the strategy. But you also need to know what’s going on in the “real world” beyond the statistics.

If something is driving prices or volatility or some other metric higher or lower that’s likely to persist over time, mean reversion may not be a great bet. If, however, there’s something truly transient that’s the catalyst for large moves up and down that will then revert to the mean, then maybe the strategy is more likely to work.

Exit Strategy

As with most investments, it’s helpful to have an exit strategy determined ahead of time. This can help you limit your losses in the case that the asset ultimately does not revert to the mean.

The Takeaway

Mean reversion refers to an asset’s tendency to stick to typical value increases over time. Again, while volatility may play a role in short-term price or value changes, many assets will follow a long-term appreciation line, and despite short-term rises or falls in price, they may revert to the mean.

Traders who follow mean reversion strategies assume that a specific stock or sector will return to its long-term characteristics. The strategy can be helpful when determining an investing strategy for either individual assets or for a market, overall, though there is no guarantee of future results.

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FAQ

What does mean reversion refer to in investing in simple terms?

In investing, mean reversion holds that while a market or an asset may go up and down in the short-term, over time, it will (theoretically) return to its long-term trend.

Does mean reversion only happen to stocks?

Mean reversion applies not only to individual stocks, but also to sectors, commodities, and foreign currencies.

What factors should investors consider when creating a mean reversion strategy?

Investors should think about or consider variables such as determining the actual mean (or “normal” conditions, they’re comparing the out-of-the-norm price behavior to). They should also consider timing, bounds, various qualitative factors, and an exit strategy.

Photo credit: iStock/LaylaBird

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q425-059

Jan

2026

A man sits at a desk with a cup of coffee, tablet, and phone. He’s writing in a notebook about investing vs. speculation.

Investing vs. Speculation: Understanding the Core Differences

By SoFi Editors | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

The primary differences between investing and speculating are the degree of risk and the time frame involved. Investing is typically a longer-term strategy that involves less risk than speculating — which is a short-term, high-risk approach to profiting from quick changes in price.

Whether you’re interested in investing or speculating can also determine the types of assets you might invest in, as well as the strategies you might use.

Table of Contents

Historical Perspectives on Investing and Speculation
Key Differences Between Investing and Speculating
Real-World Implications of Investment vs Speculation
Strategic Approaches to Investment
When Does Speculation Make Sense?
FAQ

Key Points

• The fundamental differences between investing and speculating involve the time frame (long-term vs. short-term) and the degree of risk (lower vs. higher risk).

• Investing typically involves buying researched assets with the goal of long-term price appreciation.

• Speculation is a short-term, high-risk strategy focused on profiting from quick price changes.

• Traditional investors rely on tools like fundamental analysis to evaluate a business’s health and employ a buy-and-hold strategy, whereas speculators focus on technical analysis and market timing for immediate gains.

• Investment carries a reasonable likelihood of profit over time, while speculation is associated with higher volatility and the risk of loss.

Defining Investing and Speculation

Speculating usually describes scenarios when there’s a high chance the investment will deliver losses, but also cases where the investment could result in a high profit. High-risk, potentially high-reward investments may include commodities, derivatives, futures, and more.

In contrast, investing generally refers to transactions where an individual has researched an asset, and puts money into it with the hope that prices will rise over time.

There are no guarantees, of course, and all types of investing include some form of risk. Individuals may find ways to speculate or invest with an online investing platform or through a regular broker.

Examples of Investments and Speculative Investments

Assets that are thought of as more traditional types of investments include publicly traded stocks, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), bonds (e.g. U.S. Treasurys, municipal bonds, high-grade corporate bonds), and real estate.

Even some so-called alternative investments would be considered more long-term and less speculative: e.g., jewelry, art, collectibles.

Assets that are almost always considered speculative include: junk bonds, options, futures, forex and foreign currencies, and investments in startup companies.

Sometimes it isn’t as simple as saying that all investments in the stock market, or types of ETFs or mutual funds, hold the same amount of risk, or are definitely classified as investments. Even within certain asset classes, there can be large variations in risk exposure.

The Traditional Approach to Investing

When it comes to the more traditional approach to investing, individuals typically buy and hold assets in their investment portfolios or retirement accounts (e.g., when they open an IRA), with the aim of seeing long-term gains.

Traditional forms of investing focus on the performance of the underlying business or organization, not on the day-to-day or hour-by-hour price movements of an asset — which is more common with speculation.

For this reason, some traditional investors tend to rely on various forms of analysis (e.g., the fundamental analysis of stocks), as well as analytical tools and metrics to gauge the health of a company, asset, or market sector.
Recommended: Stock Market Basics

Speculation: A High-Risk, High-Reward Game

The difference between speculating and investing can be nuanced and a matter of opinion. (After all, some investors view investing in stocks as a form of gambling.) But when traders are speculating, they are typically seeking profits in a relatively short period of time: e.g., hours, days, or weeks.

In the case of commodities or futures trading, the time horizon might be longer, but the aim of making a big profit fairly quickly is at the heart of most speculation.

Speculators may also use leverage, a.k.a. margin trading, to boost their buying power and amplify gains where possible (although using leverage can also lead to steep losses).

The Psychology of Investing vs Speculating

The psychology of a typical investor is quite different from that of a speculative investor, and again revolves around the higher tolerance for risk in pursuit of a potentially bigger reward in a very short time frame.

Long-Term Investing	Speculating
Taking calculated or minimal risks	Willing to take on high-risk endeavors
Pursuit of reasonable gains	Pursuit of very high returns
Willing to invest for the long term	Willing to invest only for the short term
Uses a mix of traditional investments and strategies (e.g., stocks, bonds, funds)	Uses single strategies and may prefer derivatives or alternative investments
Infrequent use of leverage/margin	Frequent use of leverage/margin

Historical Perspectives on Investing and Speculation

The history of investing and speculating has long been entwined. In the earliest days of trading thousands of years ago, most markets were focused on the exchange of tangible commodities like livestock, grain, etc.

That said, some investors might put their money into global voyages or even wars with the hope of acquiring great wealth. Although the time frame for these investments was long-term, the risk of loss was very high. Thus, many early investors could be described as speculators.

Investing in forms of debt as a way to make money was also common, eventually leading to the bond market as we know it today.

The concept of investing in companies and focusing on longer-term gains took hold gradually. As markets became more sophisticated over the centuries, and a wider range of technologies, strategies, and financial products came into use, the division between investing and speculating became more distinct.

Recommended: What Causes a Stock Market Bubble?

Speculation History: Notable Market Bubbles and Crashes

The history of investing is rife with market bubbles, manias, and crashes. While the speculative market around tulip bulbs in 17th-century Holland is one extreme example, there have been many similar financial events in just the last 20 or 30 years — including the dot-com bubble and the Great Financial Crisis of 2008-09. Most of these were driven by speculation.

What marks a bubble is a well-established series of stages driven by investor emotions like exuberance (i.e., greed) followed by panic and loss. That’s because many investors tend to be irrational, especially when in pursuit of a quick profit that seems like “a sure thing.”

Some classic examples of financial bubbles that changed the course of history:

• The South Sea Bubble (U.K., 1711 to 1720) — The South Sea company was created in 1711 to help reduce national war debt. The company stock peaked in 1720 and then crashed, taking with it the fortunes of many.

• The Roaring Twenties (U.S., 1924 to 1929) — The 1920s saw a rapid expansion of the U.S. economy, thanks to both corporations’ and consumers’ growing use of credit. Stock market speculation reached a peak in 1929, followed by the infamous crash, and the Great Depression.

• Japanese Bubble Economy (1984 to 1989) — The Japanese economy experienced a historic two-decade period of growth beginning in the 1960s, that was further fueled by financial deregulation and widespread speculation that artificially inflated the worth of many corporations and land values. By late 1989, as the government raised interest rates, the economy fell into a prolonged slowdown that took years to recover from.

• Dot-Com Bubble (1995 to 2002) — Sparked by rapid internet adoption, the dot-com boom and bust saw the growth of tech companies in the late 1990s, when the Nasdaq rose 800%. But by October 2002 it had fallen 78% from that high mark.

Key Differences Between Investing and Speculating

What can be confusing for some investors is that there is an overlap between investing in the traditional sense, and speculative investing in higher-risk instruments. And some types of investing fall into the gray area between the two.

For example, options trading, commodities trading, or buying IPO stock are considered high-risk endeavors that should be reserved for more experienced investors. What makes these types of investments more speculative, again, is the shorter time frame and the overall risk level.

Time Horizon: Long-term Goals vs Quick Gains

As noted above, investors typically take a longer view and invest for a longer time frame; speculators seek quick-turn profits within a shorter period.

That’s because more traditional investors are inclined to seek profits over time, based on the quality of their investments. This strategy at its core is a way of managing risk in order to maximize potential gains.

Speculators are more aggressive: They’re geared toward quick profits, using a single strategy or asset to deliver an outsized gain — with a willingness to accept a much higher risk factor, and the potential for steep losses.

Fundamental Analysis vs. Market Timing

As a result of these two different mindsets, investors and speculators utilize different means of achieving their ends.

Investors focused on more traditional strategies might use tools like fundamental analysis to gauge the worthiness of an investment.

Speculators don’t necessarily base their choices on the quality of a certain asset. They’re more interested in the technical analysis of securities that will help them predict and, ideally, profit from short-term price movements. While buy-and-hold investors focus on time in the market, speculators are looking to time the market.

Real-World Implications of Investment vs Speculation

To better understand the respective value and impact of investing vs. speculating, it helps to consider the real-world implications of each strategy.

The Impact of Speculation on Markets

It’s important to remember that speculation occurs in many if not all market sectors. So speculation isn’t bad, nor does it always add to volatility — although in certain circumstances it can.

For example, some point to IPO shares as an example of how speculative investors, who are looking for quick profits, may help fuel the volatility of IPO stock.

Speculation does add liquidity to the markets, though, which facilitates trading. And speculative investors often inject cash into companies that need it, which provides a vital function in the economy.

Strategic Approaches to Investment

Whether an investor chooses a more traditional route or a more speculative one, or a combination of these strategies, comes down to that person’s skill, goals, and ability to tolerate risk.

Diversification and Asset Allocation

For more traditional, longer-term investors, there are two main tools in their toolkit that help manage risk over time.

• Diversification is the practice of investing in more than one asset class, and also diversifying within that asset class. Studies have shown that by diversifying the assets in your portfolio, you may offset a certain amount of investment risk and potentially improve returns.

• Asset allocation is the practice of balancing a portfolio between more aggressive and more conservative holdings, also with the aim of growth while managing risk.

When Does Speculation Make Sense?

Speculation makes sense for a certain type of investor, with a certain level of experience and risk profile. It’s not so much that speculative investing always makes sense in Cases A, B, or C. It’s more about an investor mastering certain speculative strategies to the degree that they feel comfortable with the level of risk they’re taking on.

The Takeaway

The main way to differentiate between investment and speculation is through the lens of risk exposure. If an asset is purchased that carries a reasonable probability of profit over time without significant risk, it’s an investment. If an asset carries a higher likelihood of significant fluctuation and volatility in a short period of time, it is speculation.

A long-term commitment to a broad stock market investment, like an equity-based index fund, is generally considered an investment. Historical data shows us that the likelihood of seeing gains over long periods, like 20 years or more, is reasonable — although there is always the risk of loss.

Compare that with a trader who purchases a single stock with the expectation that the price will surge that very day or week — which is far more difficult to predict and has a much lower probability of success.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is speculation the same as gambling?

Not exactly. Gambling involves placing a bet or wager on a certain event or outcome, with the hope of winning money. Speculation involves some skill and the use of technical analysis in order to make a profit. But both involve the risk of total loss.

What is the psychology of investing vs speculating?

An investment mindset tends to be more risk-averse and focused on long-term goals. The psychology of a speculator tends to be comfortable with risk in order to use short-term strategies that may or may not be profitable.

What are the tools for investing vs speculating?

Investors often use fundamental analysis tools to gauge the health of a business. Speculators use different forms of technical and trend analysis to take advantage of price movements.

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SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the Fund carefully before investing. This and other important information are contained in the Fund’s prospectus. For a current prospectus, please click the Prospectus link on the Fund’s respective page. The prospectus should be read carefully prior to investing.
Alternative investments, including funds that invest in alternative investments, are risky and may not be suitable for all investors. Alternative investments often employ leveraging and other speculative practices that increase an investor's risk of loss to include complete loss of investment, often charge high fees, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Alternative investments may lack diversification, involve complex tax structures and have delays in reporting important tax information. Registered and unregistered alternative investments are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds.
Please note that Interval Funds are illiquid instruments, hence the ability to trade on your timeline may be restricted. Investors should review the fee schedule for Interval Funds via the prospectus.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. This should not be considered a recommendation to participate in IPOs and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation. New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For more information on the allocation process please visit IPO Allocation Procedures.

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Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or clicking the prospectus link on the fund's respective page at sofi.com. You may also contact customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risk, include the risk of loss. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIN1023133

Jan

2026

A close-up of a digital stock market display shows a fluctuating orange graph against a blue background.

6 Top Stock Market Forums to Visit

By Brian Nibley | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Stock market forums are online discussion platforms where investors can come together and exchange ideas about financial markets, specific stocks, and investment strategies. A forum can be as simple as the comment section of an article or blog post or as formal as a dedicated investing community with tools and moderation.

If you’re interested in learning from others or sharing your own insights, stock market forums can be a powerful resource. Here’s a look at some of the top stock market message boards and forums available today.

Table of Contents

6 Top Stock Market Message Boards and Forums
Pros and Cons of Relying on Stock Forums for Information
Always Do Your Own Research Before Investing
FAQ

Key Points

• Stock market forums connect investors and facilitate discussions around trends, strategies, and individual securities.

• Many forums offer educational content, specialized tools, and real-time market commentary.

• Risks include misinformation, hyper-driven discussions, and advice that may not suit your personal financial situation.

• Popular forums include Reddit communities, Yahoo Finance, InvestorsHub, Seeking Alpha, Motley Fool, and StockTwits.

• Always verify forum information independently before making investment decisions.

6 Top Stock Market Message Boards and Forums

Investment message boards and forums generally attract participants who want to learn, share perspectives, and make informed financial decisions. That said, like any online community, stock market forums can also contain heated debates, misinformation and even outright trolling.

The general rules of online engagement apply: remain skeptical, question what you read, and conduct your own research before acting on any advice.

Whether you’re just getting started with online investing or have years of trading experience, the following stock market forums may be worth exploring.

1. Reddit Communities (Various Subreddits)

Reddit remains one of the most influential platforms for stock market discussions. Its wide range of subreddits caters to different investing styles, experience levels, and risk tolerances.

• r/personalfinance: Covers foundational topics such as budgeting, savings, debt management, investing, and retirement planning.

• r/wallstreetbets: Known for speculative trades, aggressive risk-taking, and fast-moving discussions.

• r/CryptoCurrency: Focuses on all things cryptocurrency, including news, technical analysis, and user experiences.

• r/stocks: A more traditional forum for stock-related news, analysis, and long-term investing discussions.

• r/investing: Explores broader investing topics, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and alternative investments.

2. Yahoo Finance Community

Yahoo Finance includes a “Community” section that allows users to connect with other investors, participate in discussions, and share portfolios (as percentages rather than dollar amounts).

In addition, Yahoo Finance’s “Conversations” feature lets users comment directly under stock quotes and financial news articles. These threaded discussions often provide quick reactions, different viewpoints, and insights related to specific tickers or market events.

3. InvestorsHub

InvestorsHub is an online platform for stock market investors that offers real-time market data and financial tools, as well as an active online community. The site offers numerous, active financial bulletin boards for discussions and insights on stocks, crypto, penny stocks, and more. There are even boards for topics that aren’t necessarily related to stocks or investing, such as music, cars, recipes, and TV shows.

4. Seeking Alpha

Seeking Alpha is a financial media platform where contributors publish in-depth analysis and opinion pieces on stocks and markets. While almost anyone can submit content, articles are curated for quality.

The comment sections beneath each article function as active discussion forums, often featuring thoughtful debate among experienced investors. The site has strict guidelines that prohibit personal attacks, promotional content, and off-topic discussions. As a result, these forums tend to be largely free of spam or offensive content.

New investors can learn a lot by accessing one article a month for free. To read and interact with more content, however, you’ll need a paid subscription.

5. Motley Fool Community

The Motley Fool is a popular financial and investing advice website offering free articles and premium subscription services. Its discussion platform, the Motley Fool Community, includes free message boards covering topics including saving and budgeting, how to buy stocks, investing strategies, and retirement planning.

The community is generally geared toward long-term investing, making appealing to those building diversified portfolios rather than pursuing short-term trades.

6. StockTwits

StockTwits functions similarly to a social media platform designed specifically for investors and traders. With more than ten million users, it allows members to post short messages, charts, links, and opinions about stocks.

Posts are often tagged with a “cashtag” (such as $AAPL for Apple or $BTC for Bitcoin), making it easy to follow conversations around specific discussions. StockTwits also lets users create watchlists to track stocks they’re monitoring.

Pros and Cons of Relying on Stock Forums for Information

Stock forums offer a wide range of benefits, but they also have some potential drawbacks to be aware of.

Pros

• Connecting with other investors: Stock market forums and message boards allow you to exchange ideas, gain different perspectives, and learn from others’ experiences.

• Educational content and tools: Many platforms offer articles, charts, stock trackers, and analytical tools that can help investors build knowledge.

• Timely market updates: Online communities often react quickly to earnings releases, breaking news, and market movements.

Cons

• Advice may not fit your situation: Investment strategies are highly personal. What works for someone else may not align with your goals, timelines, or risk tolerance.

• Misinformation: Not all posts are accurate. Some information may be outdated, misleading, or intentionally deceptive.

• Unverified sources: Forum participants may exaggerate their expertise or fail to disclose conflicts of interest.

• Hyper-driven decision making: Emotional discussions, FOMO, and herd behavior can lead to impulsive investment choices rather than sound analysis.

Always Do Your Own Research Before Investing

Stock forums offer diverse perspectives and can alert investors to new companies or trends they might not have otherwise encountered. However, the information shared on these platforms is often speculative, unaudited, and sometimes biased. It’s important to always verify claims using credible and regulated sources (such as company filings, reputable financial news outlets, and official data) and/or consult a qualified financial professional before making any investment decisions.

The Takeaway

Stock market forums provide spaces for investors and traders to discuss markets, strategies, and individual securities. Different forums cater to different investing styles, so it’s important to choose platforms that align with your goals and experience level.

While these communities can be valuable sources of ideas and education, it’s essential to remain critical and skeptical. Always do your own homework before making investment decisions.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What are the advantages of reading a stock market forum?

Stock market forums allow investors to connect with others, share insights, and learn from different perspectives. Many forums also provide access to tools such as charts, stock trackers, and educational content.

What are the risks of reading stock market forums?

Risks include misinformation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, and hype-driven discussions. Investors may also receive advice that isn’t appropriate for their financial situation. It is important to always do your own independent research before acting on any forum-based information.

What is the most popular stock market forum?

Some of the most popular stock market forums today are investment-focused communities on Reddit. Subreddits such as r/stocks, r/investing, r/personalfinance, and r/wallstreetbets collectively attract millions of users and generate large volumes of daily discussion. These communities provide a mix of beginner-friendly guidance, expert insights, and real-time market discussions, but it is important to note that the advice is crowdsourced and not professional financial counsel.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q425-042

Jan

2026

A person sits at a table with a cup of coffee, holding a tablet and exploring foreign currencies, displayed on the screen.

The Essential Guide to Investing in Foreign Currency

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

The foreign exchange market, or forex (FX), is the decentralized global market for trading fiat currencies. Forex is the largest, most liquid form of investing in the world, with an average daily trading volume of about $9.6 trillion, as of April 2025.

Forex traders buy and sell foreign currency pairs with the aim of profiting from often minute fluctuations in exchange rates. For example, an investor could trade their U.S. dollars (USD) for Euros (EUR). Or, they can trade their Japanese yen (JPY) for New Zealand dollars (NZD).

When the value of one currency rises relative to another, traders may see a gain or a loss, depending on which currency they are buying or selling. Investors must qualify to trade forex, which is a high-risk endeavor and typically involves the use of leverage.

Table of Contents

Understanding Foreign Currency Investment
Exploring the Benefits of Investing in Foreign Currencies
4 Ways to Invest in Foreign Currencies
Risks Associated with Foreign Currency Investment
Investing in Forex: Key Points
Currency Investment Strategies for Beginners
Find New Opportunities With Currency ETFs
Advanced Currency Investment Options
FAQ

Key Points

• Foreign currency investment, or forex, is the most liquid form of investing globally.

• Forex traders aim to profit by buying and selling currency pairs based on often minute fluctuations in exchange rates.

• Key benefits of investing in foreign currencies include portfolio diversification, 24/5 accessible markets, and a potential hedge against domestic inflation.

• Forex investors must qualify to place these trades, and qualify for a margin account in order to use leverage.

• Investors can gain exposure to foreign currency through a standard forex trading account, currency CDs, foreign bond funds, currency ETFs, and more.

Understanding Foreign Currency Investment

Although there are no centralized foreign currency exchanges, as there are for stocks, forex markets operate via a global network of banks and are open 24 hours a day, five days a week, excluding weekends.

Forex traders strategize around how they expect currency rates to fluctuate; when the value of one currency, such as the dollar (USD), rises relative to another currency, such as the Euro (EUR), traders can either see a profit or a loss, depending on whether they buy or sell the currency that has appreciated.

Traders use standardized abbreviations for each currency that are three letters and act as a kind of ticker symbol, or unique identifier (USD for the U.S. dollar, GBP for the British pound, CAD for the Canadian, and so on). The first two letters indicate the country; the last letter refers to the currency name.

How Currency Pairs Work

Forex trading is conducted using currency pairs, simultaneously buying one and selling the other when the price changes in the desired direction. Thus a forex trade will employ a format that uses both abbreviations: e.g., JPY/CAD or USD/EUR. The first currency is the base, the second is the quote. In order to trade forex, one has to become familiar with the conventions for quoting currency prices.

For example, according to Investor.gov, it’s typical to see the Euro exchange rate quoted in terms of dollars. So a EUR quote of 1.20 means that $1,200 USD will buy 1,000 Euros.

Forex for Retail Investors

Forex trading wasn’t available to retail investors until the 1990s, when the internet made electronic trading platforms possible, and margin was allowed. Prior to that, institutional investors typically placed forex trades over-the-counter (OTC) through a system of dealers and financial institutions known as the interbank market.

Now, however, it’s possible for qualified retail investors to place forex trades using standard broker-dealers. Retail investors may also access the forex derivatives market through futures, swaps, and forwards. The use of margin in forex trades is more complicated than when buying and selling other securities, so it’s important to understand the terms.

Exploring the Benefits of Investing in Foreign Currencies

Like other types of investments, forex trading, or investing in foreign currencies, can offer some benefits.

Portfolio Diversification

For one, investing in foreign currencies can add a degree of diversification to an investor’s portfolio. That means that while an investor may have built a portfolio with a number of other investments, such as stocks, bonds, and ETFs, foreign currency can be another element in the mix. Note, though, that it’s likely foreign currency should only comprise a small portion of a portfolio’s overall holdings.

Convenience and Accessible Markets

The forex markets operate 24 hours per day, five days a week, excluding weekends, unlike the standard stock exchanges. So, for investors who want to trade around the clock, the markets are almost always accessible.

There are four major forex trading sessions in a 24-hour period, split up by international region:

• Sydney (Australia)

• Tokyo (Asia)

• London (Europe)

• New York (The Americas)

Forex investors can trade from 22:00 UTC Sunday (in Sydney) to 22:00 UTC Friday (in New York). Check the local time in UTC, or Universal Time Coordinated, for your area.

There are minor sessions, too, but these are the four major sessions, and markets can be busy (when the Americas’ session overlaps with Europe’s), or less busy, depending on the time of day, and how many people are actively trading.

Hedge Against Domestic Currency Inflation

It’s possible that while a domestic currency is losing value due to inflation, foreign currencies could retain their value at the same time. That would, theoretically, provide investors with a hedge against inflation, but there’s no guarantee prevailing market forces would work to an investor’s advantage in such a scenario.

4 Ways to Invest in Foreign Currencies

There are several ways to get started in currency exchange investment.

1. Standard Forex Trading Account

First, you can work with a foreign exchange brokerage to trade the currency you’re holding (such as U.S. dollars) for another currency (Euros, Yen, etc.). The goal is that the currency you’re trading for, or buying, will increase in value relative to the currency you’re trading away, or selling.

Only qualified investors can trade forex, because it requires a margin account.

While the goal is straightforward, the process can get more complicated. For instance, there are a few ways to execute trades, such as spot trading, forward trading, and future trading. Spot trading is an instant cash trade, whereas forward and future trading may involve settling on terms at a time in the future (similar to trading options).

Further, investors should understand the concept of the bid-ask spread, which represents the difference between the buy and the sell price of a currency.

2. Currency CDs and Savings Accounts

Investors can also look into foreign currency CDs (certificates of deposit), which work more or less like traditional CDs but might offer higher yields.

Foreign savings accounts are another potential option, although it depends on local regulations. In some cases you must be a resident to open a savings account in another country.

3. Foreign Bond Funds

Investors can look at the possibility of purchasing foreign bonds, which are issued in other countries by foreign governments or foreign companies. There are many types of foreign bond investment types, and the credit quality will depend on the entity issuing the bond.

4. Currency ETFs

As mentioned, investors may want to look at currency ETFs. These ETFs are similar to foreign bond funds; there are also foreign currency ETFs on the market, which offer many of the same advantages of domestic or traditional ETFs, but can give investors exposure to the forex market. Likewise, exchange-traded notes, or ETNs, which are similar to bonds, are another potential investment investors can check out.

Risks Associated with Foreign Currency Investment

Foreign currency investment isn’t without risk, and in fact, can introduce some types of risk that investors may not otherwise encounter, such as political and interest rate risks.

Market Volatility and Political Risks

Since forex markets are so active, prices can change quickly, which means it’s a fairly volatile asset class. The news cycle (including economic, political, or social news) can cause sudden and drastic changes to prices. That means it may be a better fit for investors with a relatively high risk tolerance than those who are more risk averse.

Political risk is something to consider, too, as all currencies are backed by governments. If a foreign government is unstable or otherwise involved in some sort of political drama, it can affect the price of a currency. That can pose a risk to investors.

Interest Rate Risk

Some investments incur interest rate risk, which is when an investment loses value due to a fluctuation in interest rates. Foreign currencies may be subject to such risk, though interest rate risk is more commonly associated with bonds.

Currency Conversion and Transfer Costs

There may also be additional costs associated with currency trading and investing, including currency conversion and transfer costs. These may not always be applicable, but are something that investors should at least be aware of in the event that they do encounter them.

Investing in Forex: Key Points

In order to invest in foreign currency investing as safely as possible, remember, no investment is completely safe or risk-free, investors should brush up on the mechanics of the forex market.

Education Is Key

It’s important to understand the use of “pips,” as well as leverage in forex trading.

• Ticks and Pips. A “pip” is a unit of measure that represents the smallest unit of value in a currency quote, which goes out to four decimal places: 0.0001. Using the above quote as an example, the difference between the “bid” (1.2100) and the “ask” (1.2104) is four pips. Ten ticks equal one pip.

Why does this matter? Because currency values fluctuate very slightly during the trading day, perhaps only several pips. That means that to make a significant return, traders deal with large quantities of currencies, which typically require margin, or leverage.

• Leverage. To get to those large quantities, traders who qualify may use a margin account. For example, you may give your broker $1,000 to place a $10,000 trade, essentially borrowing $9,000 on margin. Most forex trading is done this way, using leverage and margin in order to generate returns.

That, of course, has its risks, since traders may incur losses and end up owing money to their brokers. In addition, using a margin account comes with terms and restrictions that can also impact trades.

The Importance of the Bid-Ask Spread

Also noted previously, the bid-ask spread is another important concept to know and incorporate if you’re trading or investing in foreign currency.

Effectively, the spread refers to the difference between a trader’s cost and the dealer’s profits. There’s a slight difference in what you’re willing to pay and what a seller is willing to sell for. In forex trading, the spread can be important to calculating overall potential returns.

Evaluating Risks Versus Rewards

Above all, it’s critical that investors keep their own personal risk tolerances in mind and weigh that against the potential gains they could see from foreign currency investing. It may not be a good fit for everyone’s investment strategy.

Currency Investment Strategies for Beginners

As noted, investing in or trading foreign currency involves pairs of currencies. Some currencies are more widely traded than others and are “paired” with one another or grouped as “major” currencies:

• U.S. dollars

• Euros

• Japanese yen

• British pounds

• Swiss francs

• Australian dollars

• Canadian dollars

• New Zealand dollars

There are also “minor” and “exotic” currency pairs. These are not traded as widely as the majors, but are still often swapped on exchanges. They may include pairings with the Hong Kong dollar, the Mexican peso, the Singapore dollar, or the Norwegian krone, among others.

Additionally, investors should know about foreign currency quotes. These quotes are similar to stock quotes, which list the current value, or price of a stock. Forex quotes display the bid and ask prices for a currency pair, since one currency’s value is relative to another currency. Here’s an example of a quote for a common pairing, Euros and U.S. dollars:

EUR/USD = 1.2100

In this example, Euros are the “base” currency, and U.S. dollars are the “quote” currency. That means that a single Euro is equal to 1.21 U.S. dollars.

Find New Opportunities With Currency ETFs

As mentioned, investors may want to look at currency ETFs, which offer many of the same advantages of domestic or traditional ETFs, but can give investors exposure to the forex market.

Advanced Currency Investment Options

While investors can trade currency itself, they can also look at more advanced ways of investing in the forex markets. That can include trading futures and options, or other types of relevant derivatives.

Foreign Currency Futures and Options

First and foremost, investors should be aware of the unique risks that financial derivatives can introduce into their portfolios. Trading options contracts is different from choosing stocks, so before you dive headfirst into forex options, it’s important to understand these strategies.

Currency options are derivatives, with currency itself as their underlying asset. There are calls, puts, and futures. If you’re not familiar with traditional options, it may be a good idea to review the basics before looking at forex options.

In effect, though, these options allow investors to hedge against unfavorable fluctuations of foreign currencies or to speculate on volatility in the forex market.

The Takeaway

Trading or investing in foreign currency is yet another avenue that investors can explore. As discussed, forex trading involves buying one currency with another, with the hopes that the price differences will work in the investors’ favor. Foreign currency markets are extremely liquid, which is another potential upside for some traders.

As always, though, there are risks to consider, and learning the ropes of the foreign currency markets may be tricky. If investors feel like they want to get their feet wet in the market, though, without diving straight in, it may be worthwhile to discuss their plans with a financial professional.

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FAQ

How does forex work in plain English?

Forex trading means buying one currency and selling another with the aim of seeing a profit. For example, if you use U.S. dollars to buy Euros, you might be able to buy more Euros if the value drops relative to the dollar and then sell the Euros for dollars when the value rises again.

Why is forex so risky?

Because the FX market is the biggest, most liquid global asset market, foreign currency prices can fluctuate rapidly. Combine that with the fact that trades are typically placed using substantial amounts of leverage, and there is a high degree of risk involved in most trades.

What is the Rule of 90 in forex?

This is a broad rule-of-thumb which states that 90% of new traders will experience major losses within 90 days that will wipe out 90% of their capital. This is meant as a reminder to exercise caution; it may not be literally true, but it speaks to the risks involved.

Photo credit: iStock/anyaberkut

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q425-058

Jan

2026

What Is the Kiddie Tax?

By Rebecca Lake | Family Finances, invest, Investing | Comments Off

The kiddie tax is a tax rule designed to prevent parents from shifting investment income to their children to take advantage of lower tax rates. Introduced in 1986, it ensures that unearned income from a child’s investments, such as dividends and interest, is taxed at a higher rate once it exceeds a certain threshold.

Understanding how the kiddie tax works is important for parents of children under age 24 who may be earning money from their own savings and investments. What follows is a simple breakdown of the kiddie tax rules, including who is subject to kiddie tax and how to keep your child’s unearned income below the kiddie tax threshold.

Key Points

• The kiddie tax prevents parents from shifting investment income to children to take advantage of lower tax rates.

• If a child’s unearned income exceeds the kiddie tax threshold, it’s taxed at the parents’ tax rate rather than the child’s tax rate.

• The kiddie tax threshold is $2,700 for 2025 and 2026.

• Unearned income includes dividends, interest, and capital gains.

• Tax-efficient investment strategies can help minimize the impact of the kiddie tax.

Definition and Purpose of the Kiddie Tax

The kiddie tax applies to unearned income of children under age 24 (with some exceptions). Unearned income refers to any income that is not acquired through work, and includes income received through investing, such as capital gains distributions, dividends, and interest.

Kiddie taxes were introduced in 1986 as part of the Tax Reform Act to prevent parents from transferring wealth to children as a tax loophole.2 Before the kiddie tax, wealthy families could transfer income-producing assets or make large stock gifts to their children, who were in lower tax brackets, thereby reducing their overall tax liability. The kiddie tax rule ensures that high levels of unearned income are taxed at a rate comparable to the parents’ tax rate rather than the child’s lower rate.

Who Is Subject to the Kiddie Tax?

The kiddie tax applies to children aged 18 and younger, as well as full-time students who are aged 19 to 23, whose unearned income is higher than an annually determined threshold. For 2025 and 2026, the kiddie tax threshold is $2,700.

If a child meets the above criteria, any unearned income that exceeds the annual threshold will be taxed at the parents’ higher marginal tax rate rather than the child’s lower rate.

An exception to this investment tax rule is a child aged 18 or a full-time student aged 19 to 23 with enough earned income (from working) to cover more than half the cost of their support. Those under 24 who file tax returns as married filing jointly or who are not required to file a tax return for the tax year (due to income below the filing threshold) are also exempt.

It’s also important to note that the kiddie tax does not apply to a child’s earned income; their wages, salaries, or tips are taxed at the child’s own tax rate.

Recommended: When Do You Pay Taxes on Stocks?

How the Kiddie Tax Is Calculated

The kiddie tax is calculated based on the child’s unearned income. This generally includes interest, dividends, capital gains, taxable scholarships, trust distributions, and income from gifts or inheritances. It also includes any taxable welfare or Veterans Affairs benefits distributed to a child.

Here’s how the kiddie tax rate applies for tax year 2025 (filed in 2026):

• The first $1,350 in unearned income qualifies for the kiddie tax standard deduction and is tax-free.

• The next $1,350 in unearned income is subject to the child’s tax rate.

• Unearned income above $2,700 is taxed at the parents’ marginal tax rate.

The kiddie tax threshold stays the same for for tax year 2026 (filed in 2027):

• The first $1,350 in unearned income is tax-free.

• The next $1,350 in unearned income is subject to the child’s tax rate.

• Unearned income above $2,700 is taxed at the parents’ marginal tax rate.

Marginal tax rates for parents range from 10% to 37% for the 2025 and 2026 tax years.

Recent Changes to Kiddie Tax Laws

The kiddie tax first emerged as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a way to ensure that wealthy parents could not significantly reduce tax obligations by shifting large amounts of investment income to their children. The rule stipulated that all unearned income above a certain threshold is taxed at the parent’s marginal income tax rate rather than the child’s tax rate.

In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act made an adjustment to the kiddie tax rule effective for tax year 2018: It substituted the tax rates that apply to trusts and estates for the parents’ tax rate. However, this made the kiddie tax significantly more costly to certain families, including Gold Star children that receive survivor benefits.

In response, Congress included a provision in the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act (SECURE Act), which became law in 2019, to revert the kiddie tax to the old rules, where unearned income is taxed at the parents’ marginal tax rate rather than the trust tax rates. This change was retroactive to the 2018 tax year, allowing affected taxpayers to amend prior-year returns (if desired).

Since then, no major revisions have been proposed or enacted regarding the kiddie tax, though that’s always subject to change.

Recommended: How to Calculate Stock Profit

Strategies to Minimize Kiddie Tax Liability

To reduce potential kiddie tax liability, parents can implement several tax-planning strategies:

• Track your child’s investment income throughout the year: If their earnings or gains get close to the threshold, you may be able to sell losing stocks to trigger a capital loss. This strategy, known as tax-loss harvesting, could help offset the gains and potentially allow your child to avoid a kiddie tax hit.

• Invest in tax-efficient accounts: Consider placing your child’s assets in tax-advantaged accounts like 529 college savings plans or Roth IRAs for kids (if they have earned income), where investment gains grow tax-free.

• Explore municipal bonds: Interest earned from municipal bonds is generally tax-free at the federal level and may also be exempt from state and local taxes.

• Shift investments to growth stocks: For tax-efficient investing, you might choose growth stocks that focus on appreciation rather than paying dividends. This can defer taxable income until your child sells the investment (likely at a lower tax rate).

• Encourage earned income: The kiddie tax does not apply to a child who is age 18 to 23 if their earned income exceeds 50% of their support for the year.

Reporting Kiddie Tax on Your Tax Return

To report and pay the kiddie tax on a child’s unearned income, you can have your child file their own tax return using IRS Form 8615. Or, if your child’s gross income is less than $13,500 in 2025 and 2026, you may be able to include your child’s unearned income on your own tax return using IRS Form 8814.

It can be a good idea to consult an accountant or tax professional to determine the best approach for your situation.

The Takeaway

The kiddie tax serves as an important safeguard against income shifting by taxing a child’s unearned income at their parents’ tax rate when it exceeds a certain threshold. Understanding the limits that may apply to your child’s unearned income and how the kiddie tax is calculated can help you understand their tax liabilities, as well as tax-efficient strategies that may be employed.

Determining the tax rules and obligations your family may be subject to can be complicated, however, so it can be a good idea to consult with a tax or financial advisor.

Take a step toward reaching your financial goals with SoFi Invest.

FAQ

What types of income are subject to the kiddie tax?

The kiddie tax applies to a child’s unearned income, which includes interest, dividends, capital gains, taxable scholarships, trust distributions, and income from gifts or inheritances. It does not apply to earned income from wages, salaries, or self-employment.

If a child’s unearned income exceeds the annual threshold ($2,700 for tax years 2025 and 2026), the excess is taxed at the parents’ marginal tax rate. This prevents parents from transferring income-producing assets to children to reduce their tax liability.

Are there any exemptions to the kiddie tax?

Yes, the kiddie tax only applies to a child’s unearned income, which may include income from savings and investments above a certain threshold. Earned income from a part- or full-time job or self-employment is not subject to the kiddie tax. Other exceptions include a child with earned income totaling more than half the cost of their support or who is not required to file a return for the tax year (due to income below the filing thresholds).

At what age does the kiddie tax no longer apply?

The kiddie tax no longer applies once a child turns 19, or 25 if they are full-time students, by the end of the tax year. After that cut-off age, all income — both earned and unearned — is taxed at regular individual rates. This means that investment income will be taxed based on the child’s own tax bracket rather than their parents’ rate.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/Morsa Images

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q424-048
CN-Q425-3236452-144