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Q: What Is Margin Trading?

Margin trading, or 'buying on margin,' is an advanced investment strategy in which you trade securities using money that you’ve borrowed from your broker to magnify your return.. Margin is essentially a loan where you can borrow up to 50% of your security purchase, and as with most loans, a margin loan comes with an interest rate and collateral.

Dec

2022

Margin Trading: What It Is and How It Works

By Carla Tardi | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

When it comes to trading and investing, margin is the borrowed money that some traders use to execute their strategy. Buying assets on margin can help magnify your gains and returns—but it can do the same with your losses.

When you buy on margin, you’re purchasing assets using money that you borrow from your broker. Read on to learn more about what it means to trade on margin, the definition of margin trading, and how buying on margin works.

Margin trading might seem a more complicated than some other ways to invest in the stock market, but it’s a method that many investors favor — especially by experienced investors.

Table of Contents

What Is Margin Trading?
How Does Trading on Margin Work?
The Language of Trading on Margin
Potential Benefits of Margin Trading
Potential Risks of Margin Trading
How to Get Started With Margin Trading
Does Margin Trading Work for Your Goals?
FAQ

What Is Margin Trading?

Margin trading, or “buying on margin,” is an advanced investment strategy in which you trade securities using money that you’ve borrowed from your broker to magnify your return. Margin is essentially a loan where you can borrow up to 50% of your security purchase, and as with most loans, a margin loan comes with an interest rate and collateral.

Trading on margin is similar to “buying on credit.” Using margin for a trade is also known as leveraging.

The margin interest rate depends on how much you borrow and your relationship with the broker. Cash and stock are popular forms of collateral typically used by margin traders and are based on the account’s size and type of security being traded. Traders must also maintain a margin balance, known as the maintenance margin, in their accounts to cover potential losses. We cover the topics of interest, maintenance margin, and other details in the section, “How Does Trading on Margin Work?”

Margin trading is a bit more complicated (and risky) than some other ways to invest in the stock market, but it’s a method that numerous traders favor — especially the more experienced ones.

Below, we dive into how using margin is different from other ways of investing. We explore the potential advantages and risks of margin trading, along with the regulations and other ins and outs of margin trading. And, if you feel ready to use this technique, we discuss how to get started.

How Does Margin Trading Work?

While margin trading seems straightforward, it’s important to understand all the parameters. For all trades, your broker acts as the intermediary between your account and your counterparty.

Whenever you enter a buy or sell trade on your account, your broker electronically executes that trade with a counterparty in the market, and transfers that security into/out of your account once the transaction is completed.

To execute trades for a standard cash account vs. margin account, your broker directly withdraws funds for a cash trade. Thus every cash trade is secured 100% by money you’ve already deposited, entailing no risk to your broker.

By contrast, with margin accounts part of each trade is secured by cash, known as the initial margin, while the rest is covered with funds you borrow from your broker.

Consequently, while margin trading affords you more buying power than you could otherwise achieve with cash alone, the additional risk means that you’ll always need to maintain a minimum level of collateral to meet margin requirements.

While margin requirements can vary by broker, we’ve defined and outlined the minimums mandated by financial regulators.

Term	Amount	Definition
Minimum margin	$2,000	Amount you need to deposit to open a new margin account
Initial margin	50%	Percentage of a security purchase that needs to be funded by cash
Maintenance margin	25%	Percentage of your holdings that needs to be covered by equity

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Margin Trading Example

To illustrate how margin trading works, we’ve illustrated an example below.

Imagine you open a margin account with $2,000 at a brokerage firm.

You have a high conviction bet on a stock that’s trading at $200 per share in this example. With $2,000 cash, normally you would only be able to buy 10 shares at the current market price.

However, with your margin account’s 50% initial margin requirement, you’re able to obtain a $2,000 margin loan on top of your $2,000 cash investment, which boosts your buying power to $4,000. This allows you to double your purchase to 20 shares.

Your position breakdown is as follows:

• $4,000 market value (20 shares); financed with $2,000 cash equity and a $2,000 margin loan.

Use the following formula to calculate your equity value:

E = MV – L

Where,

E = Equity value

MV = Market Value of holdings = Stock price X Number of Shares

L = amount of Margin Loan

Using the formula above, after substituting $4,000 for market value and $2,000 for the margin loan, we get the following.

E = $4,000 – $2,000

E = $2,000, which is equal to the amount of cash equity you contributed at purchase.

Now, assuming a year has passed since you purchased the stock, gains or losses can be calculated as follows.

Calculating Gain

If the value of the stock were to increase to $250 after one year, the market value of the 20 shares you purchased would rise to 20 shares X $250 = $5,000. Your position breakdown would be:

• $5,000 market value (20 shares)

• Equity value rises from $2,000 to $3,000

• Margin loan balance remains $2,000

$3,000 equity after one year – $2,000 initial investment = $1,000 gain on investment

Gain / Initial investment = return

$1,000 / $2,000 = 50% one year return.

Calculating Loss

In the converse scenario, let’s say the value of the stock in this example declines to $150 after one year, the market value of the 20 shares you purchased would drop to 20 shares X $150 = $3,000. Your position breakdown would be:

• $3,000 market value (20 shares X $150)

• Equity value drops from $2,000 to $1,000

• Margin loan balance remains $2,000

$1,000 equity after one year – $2,000 initial investment = – $1,000 loss

-$1,000 / $2,000 = – 50% one year return on investment.

In both scenarios, the margin loan balance remains the same, while the equity value took the entire gain or loss. This is because the investor remains on the hook for the margin loan regardless of whether they gain or lose on the trade.

Bear in mind our example ignores interest expense for simplicity. In a real margin trade, you would need to also back out any interest expense incurred on the margin loan before calculating your return; this would act as an additional drag on earnings.

The Language of Trading on Margin

As we said above, margin trading is slightly different from some other ways to invest; such that, it’s developed its own set of related terms. Before you embark upon margin trading, it might help to familiarize yourself with some of them.

Margin Account

This is the type of brokerage account you’ll need to begin trading on margin. It means the brokerage firm will lend funds for stock purchases.

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is a nonprofit agency organized by Congress. This organization oversees margin trading by writing and enforcing rules that govern the industry, ensuring brokerage firms’ compliance with those rules, and educating investors. FINRA’s goal is to help protect investors and regulate brokerages to ensure that they’re working in the best interests of American investors.

Minimum Margin

FINRA rules set a dollar amount that must be deposited based on the kind of margin trading to be executed. The amount may vary depending on the purchase amount of the investment and brokerage firm policies. And, it’s possible that brokerages might set higher minimums than FINRA does.

Initial Margin

The initial margin for new accounts is set at 50% by Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board . Under FINRA rules, this amount must be $2,000 or 100% of the purchase price of the margin securities, whichever is less. This means that a $10,000 trade, for example, would require an initial margin of $5,000. Some brokerages might even ask for more than 50% as part of the initial margin. Keep in mind that this is FINRA’s rule; some brokerages may require a higher minimum margin.

Maintenance Margin

The maintenance margin specifies the amount of money that investors are required to keep in their margin accounts. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), “FINRA rules require this ‘maintenance requirement’ to be at least 25 percent of the total market value of the securities purchased on margin (that is, ‘margin securities’).” This might mean investors might need to add cash to their margin accounts if the price of their investment drops significantly. For short sales, the minimum requirement is $2,000.

Margin Call

A margin call happens when the value of an investor’s margin account dips below the brokerage’s maintenance margin. The “call” is a request for the investor to meet the maintenance margin and usually happens when a security the investor purchased decreases in value. If you get a margin call, you may bring the account up to the minimum amount by depositing more funds, or assets, into the account, or selling off some securities in the account.

Once you’ve familiarized yourself with margin trading lingo and some basic stock market terms, it might be helpful to understand some potential benefits and risks of margin trading.

Potential Benefits of Margin Trading

• Potential to enhance purchasing power. A primary benefit of margin trading is the potential expansion of an investor’s purchasing power, sometimes exponentially. This could possibly help boost returns if the price of the stock or other investment purchased with a margin trade goes up.

• Possible lower interest rates. Benefits of margin loans might include lower interest rates — than other types of loans, such as personal loans — and the lack of a set repayment schedule. Margin loans are meant to be used for investing and generally should not be used for other purposes, although they can be.

• Diversification. You could also use margin trading to diversify your portfolio.

• Selling short. Another potential advantage might be a complicated trading method called short selling. Margin trading might make it possible for you to sell stocks short. Short selling differs from most other investment strategies in that investors make a bet that a stock’s price will fall.

• The rules for short selling with a margin account can get even more complicated than a traditional margin trade. For instance, Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board requires margin accounts to have 150% of the value of the short sale when the trade is initiated.

While the benefits of being able to buy more investments — and potentially make more money — might seem appealing to some investors, there are also some potential risks to using margin. It might be worth considering these before you decide if trading on margin is right for you.

Potential Risks of Margin Trading

• Possible loss beyond initial investment. While a primary benefit of margin trading may be increased buying power, investors could lose more money than they initially invested. Unlike a cash account, the traditional way to buy stocks or other investments, losses in a margin account can actually extend beyond the initial investment.

For example, if an investor purchases $20,000 worth of stock with a cash account, the most they can lose is $20,000. If that same investor uses $10,000 of their own money and a margin — essentially a loan — of $10,000 and the stock loses value, they may actually end up owing more money than their initial $10,000.

• Possibility of margin call. Another potential negative aspect of margin trading is getting a margin call. Investors might need to put additional funds into their account on short notice if a margin call is triggered because the investment lost value. Moreover, a drop in value might mean an investor needs to sell off some or all of the investment, even at an inopportune time.

• The SEC warns investors that they must sell some of their stock, or deposit more funds to cover a margin call. If you get a margin call, it is your responsibility to deposit more funds, add securities or sell holdings in your account. If you don’t meet the margin call after a number of warnings from your broker, then the broker has the right to sell all or some of the current positions to bring the account back up to minimum value.

How to Get Started With Margin Trading

Typically, the first step to getting started with margin trading is to open a margin account with a brokerage firm.

Even if you already have a stock or investment account, which are cash accounts, you still need to open a margin account because they are regulated differently. First-time margin investors need to deposit at least $2,000 per FINRA rules . If you’re looking to day trade, this dollar figure goes up to $25,000 according to FINRA rules. This is the minimum margin when opening a margin trading account.

FINRA defines a day trade as “the purchase and sale, or the sale and purchase, of the same security on the same day in a margin account.” These higher dollar amounts could be associated with what some have called the “greater risk of day trading.”

Once the margin account has been opened and the minimum margin amount supplied, the SEC advises investors to read the terms of their account to understand how it will work.

The SEC advises investors to protect themselves by

•   Understanding that your broker charges you interest for borrowing money,

•   Knowing how the interest will affect the total return on your investments,

•   Recognizing that not all securities can be purchased on margin,

•   Comprehending the details about how a margin account works, and

• Being aware of possible outcomes should the price of assets purchased on margin decline.

Does Margin Trading Work for Your Goals?

That’s the question most investors will probably need to answer for themselves once they’ve learned the lingo, weighed the pros and cons, and figured out how margin trading works.

As with most investing strategies and vehicles, margin trading comes with a unique set of potential benefits, risks, and rewards.

Margin trading can seem a little more complicated than some other approaches to investing. As the investor, it is up to you to decide if the potential risks are worth the potential rewards, and if this strategy aligns with your goals for the future.

If you are an experienced trader and have the risk tolerance to try out trading on margin, SoFi can help. With a SoFi margin account, you can increase your buying power, take advantage of more investment opportunities, and potentially increase your returns.

Get one of the most competitive margin loan rates with SoFi, 11%*

FAQ

What is a margin call?

A margin call occurs when the investor does not keep the minimum amount in their margin account. If the account balance falls below the minimum amount, the broker typically will ask the account owner to deposit more funds, or assets, in the account to meet the minimum requirement.

What is a margin rate?

A margin rate is the interest rate that applies when an investor trade on margin. Margin rates can vary from broker to broker. Many brokerages use a tiered rate schedule based on the amount of the margin loan.

How popular is margin trading?

Margin trading as an investment strategy is not particularly popular; but neither is it unpopular. It’s just risky. Because of the potential risks involved, professional traders tend to use it more than individual investors. And it is generally not recommended for beginners.

What happens if you don’t have the money to meet a margin call?

If you get a margin call, it is your responsibility to deposit more funds into your account. If you don’t meet the margin call after a number of warnings from your broker, then the broker has the right to sell all or some of the current positions to bring the account back up to minimum value.

*Borrow at 10%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
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Dec

2022

What Is the January Effect and Is It Good For Investors?

January Effect: What It Is and Is It Good for Investors?

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

The January Effect is a term that some financial market analysts use to classify the first month as one of the best-performing months, stock-wise, during the year. Analysts and investors who believe in this phenomenon claim that stocks have large price increases in the first month of the year, primarily due to a decline in share prices in December. Theoretically, following the dip in December, investors pour into stocks and boost prices in January.

However, many analysts claim that the January Effect and other seasonal anomalies are nothing more than market myths, with little evidence to prove the phenomenon definitively. Nonetheless, it may be helpful for investors to understand the history and possible causes behind the January Effect.

What Is the January Effect?

As noted above, the January Effect is a phenomenon in which stocks supposedly perform well during the first month of the year. The theory is that many investors sell holdings and take gains from the previous year in December, which can push prices down. This dip supposedly creates buying opportunities in the first month of the new year as investors return from the holidays. This buying can drive prices up, creating a “January Effect.”

Believers of the January Effect say it typically occurs in the first week of trading after the New Year and can last for a few weeks. Additionally, the January Effect primarily affects small-cap stocks more than larger stocks because they are less liquid.

To take advantage of the January Effect, investors can either buy stocks in December that are expected to benefit from the January Effect or buy stocks in January when prices are expected to be higher due to the effect. Investors can also look for stocks with low prices in December, but have historically experienced a surge in January, and buy those stocks before the increase.

💡 Recommended: How To Know When to Buy, Sell, Or Hold a Stock

What Causes the January Effect?

Here are a few reasons why stocks may rise in the first month of the year.

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Stock prices supposedly decline in December, when many investors sell certain holdings to lock in gains or losses to take advantage of year-end tax strategies, like tax-loss harvesting.

With tax-loss harvesting, investors can lower their taxable income by writing off their annual losses, with the tax timetable ending on December 31. According to U.S. tax law, an investor only needs to pay capital gains taxes on their investments’ total realized gains (or losses).

For example, suppose an investor owned shares in three companies for the year and sold the stocks in December. The total value of the profit and loss winds up being taxed.

Company A: $20,000 profit
Company B: $10,000 profit
Company C: $15,000 loss

For tax purposes, the investor can tally up the total investment value of all three stocks in a portfolio — in this case, that figure is $15,000 ($20,000 + $10,000 – $15,000). Consequently, the investor would only have to pay capital gains taxes on $15,000 for the year rather than the $30,000 in profits.

If the investor still believes in Company C and only sold the stock to benefit from tax-loss harvesting, they can repurchase the stock 30 days after the sale to avoid the wash-sale rule. The wash-sale rule prevents investors from benefiting from selling a security at a loss and then buying a substantially identical security within the next 30 days.

💡 Recommended: Tax Loss Carryforward

A Clean Slate for Consumers

U.S. consumers, who have a robust say in how the American economy will perform, traditionally view January as a fresh start. Adding stocks to their portfolios or existing equity positions is a way consumers hit the New Year’s Day “reset” button. If retail investors buy stocks in the new year, it can result in a rally for stocks to start the year.

Moreover, many workers may receive bonus pay in December or January may use this windfall to buy stocks in the first month of the year, adding to the January Effect.

Portfolio Managers May Buy In January

Like consumers, January may give mutual fund portfolio managers a chance to start the year fresh and buy new stocks, bonds, and commodities. That puts managers in a position to get a head start on building a portfolio with a good yearly-performance figure, thus adding more investors to their funds.

Additionally, portfolio managers may have sold losing stocks in December as a way to clean up their end-of-year reports, a practice known as “window dressing.” With portfolio managers selling in December and buying in January, it could boost stock prices at the beginning of the year.

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Is the January Effect Real?

The January Effect has been studied extensively, and there is evidence to suggest that it is somewhat real. Studies have found that small- and mid-cap stocks tend to outperform the market during January because they are less liquid.

But some analysts note that the effect has become less pronounced in recent years due to the rise of tax-advantaged investing accounts, like 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Investors who use these accounts may not have a reason to sell in December to benefit from tax-loss harvesting. Therefore, while the January Effect may be somewhat real, its impact may be more muted than in the past.

January Effect and Efficient Markets

However, many investors claim that the January Effect is not real because it is at odds with the efficient markets hypothesis. An efficient market is where the market price of securities represents an unbiased estimate of the investment’s actual value.

Efficient market backers say that external factors — like the January Effect or any non-disciplined investment strategy — aren’t effective in portfolio management. Since all investors have access to the same information that a calendar-based anomaly may occur, it’s impossible for investors to time the stock market to take advantage of the effect. Efficient market theorists don’t believe that calendar-based market movements affect market outcomes.

The best strategy, according to efficient market backers, is to buy stocks based on the stock’s underlying value — and not based upon dates in the yearly calendar.

History of the January Effect

The phrase “January Effect” is primarily credited to Sydney Wachtel, an investment banker who coined the term in 1942. Wachtel observed that many small-cap stocks had significantly higher returns in January than the rest of the year, a trend he first noticed in 1925.

He attributed this to the “year-end tax-loss selling” that occurred in December, which caused small-cap stocks to become undervalued. Wachtel argued that investors had an opportunity to capitalize on this by buying small-cap stocks during the month of January.

However, it wasn’t until the 1970s that the notion of a stock rally in January earned mainstream acceptance, as analysts and academics began rolling out research papers on the topic.

The January Effect has been studied extensively since then, and many theories have been proposed as to why the phenomenon may occur. These include ideas discussed above, like tax-loss harvesting, investor psychology, window-dressing by portfolio managers, and liquidity effects in stocks. Despite these theories, the January Effect remains an unexplained phenomenon, and there is a debate about whether following the strategy is beneficial.

The Takeaway

Like other market anomalies and calendar effects, the January Effect is considered by some to be evidence against the efficient markets hypothesis. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the stock market does perform better in January, especially with small-cap stocks.

Whether one believes in the January Effect or not, it’s always a good idea for investors to use strategies that can best help them meet their long-term goals.

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Dec

2022

Investing Checklist: Things to Do Before the End of 2023

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

There are numerous things that investors can and perhaps should do before the clock strikes midnight on New Year’s Eve, such as maxing out retirement or college savings account contributions, and harvesting tax losses.

Read on to find out what should probably be on your investing checklist for the end of the year, what to consider tackling before your tax return is due in April, and how some simple moves this December can help set you up nicely for 2023 and beyond.

End-of-Year vs Tax-Day Deadlines

Before diving into the year-end investing checklist, it’s important to remember that there are a couple of key distinctions when it comes to the calendar. Specifically, though the calendar year actually ends on December 31 of any given year, Tax Day is typically in the middle of April (April 15, usually). That’s the due date to file your federal tax return, unless you file for an extension.

As it relates to your investing checklist, this is important to take into account because some things, like maxing out your 401(k) contributions must be done before the end of the calendar year, while others (like maxing out your IRA contributions) can be done up until the Tax Day deadline.

In other words, some items on the following investing checklist will need to be crossed off before New Year’s Day, while others can wait until April.

7 Things to Do With Your Investments No Later Than Dec. 31

Here are seven things investors can or should consider doing before the calendar rolls around to 2023.

1. Max Out 401(k) Contributions

Perhaps the most beneficial thing investors can do for their long-term financial prospects is to max out their 401(k) contributions. A 401(k) is an employer-sponsored retirement account, where workers can contribute tax-deferred portions of their paychecks.

There are also Roth 401(k) accounts, which may be available to you, which allow you to preemptively pay taxes on the contributions, allowing for tax-free withdrawals in the future.

You can only contribute a certain amount of money per year into a 401(k) account, however. For 2023, that limit is $22,500, and will increase to $23,000 in 2024. For those over 50, you can contribute an additional $7,500 in 2023, for a total of $30,000 in 2023. In 2024, the contribution limit rises to $23,000, with a $7,500 catch-up provision if you’re 50 and up, for a total of $30,500.

So, if you are able to, it may be beneficial to contribute up to the $22,500 limit for 2023 before the year ends. After December 31, any contributions will count toward the 2024 tax year.

2. Harvest Tax Losses

Tax-loss harvesting is an advanced but popular strategy that allows investors to sell some investments at a loss, and then write off their losses against their gains to help lower their tax burden.

Note that investment losses realized during a specific calendar year must be applied to the gains from the same year, but losses can be applied in the future using a strategy called a tax-loss carryforward. With 2022 having been a particularly rough year in the markets, this may be a beneficial tactic for investors to add to their year-end To Do list. Again, though, tax-loss harvesting can be a fairly complicated process, and it may be best to consult with a professional

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3. Consider 529 Plan Contributions

A 529 college savings plan is used to save for education expenses. There are a few different types, but the main thing that investors should focus on, as it relates to their year-end investing checklist, is to stash money into it before January as some states allow 529 contributions as tax deductions.

There is no federal contribution limit for 529 plans in 2022 — instead, the limit is set at the state level. Gift taxes, however, may apply, which is critical to consider.

4. Address Roll-Over Loose Ends

Another thing to check on is whether there are any loose ends to tie up in regard to any account roll-overs that you may have executed during the year.

For example, if you decided to roll over an old 401(k) into an IRA at some point during the year, you’ll want to make sure that the funds ended up with your new brokerage or retirement plan provider.

It may be easy to overlook, but sometimes checks get sent to the wrong place or other wires get crossed, and it can be a good idea to double-check everything is where it should be before the year ends.

5. Review Insurance Policies

Some employers require or encourage employees to opt into certain benefits programs every year, including insurance coverage. This may or may not apply to your specific situation, but it can be a good idea to check and make sure your insurance coverage is up to date — and that you’ve done things like named beneficiaries, and that all relevant contact information is also current.

6. Review Your Estate Plan

This is another item on your investing checklist that may not necessarily need to be done by the end of the year, but it’s a good idea to make a habit of it: Review your estate plan, or get one started!

Your estate plan includes several important documents that legally establish what happens to your money and assets in the event that you die. If you don’t have one, you should probably make it an item on your to-do list. If you do have one, you can use the end of the year as a time to check in and make sure that your heirs or beneficiaries are designated, that there are instructions about how you’d prefer your death or incapacitation to be handled, and more.

7. Donate Appreciated Stocks

Finally, you can and perhaps should consider donating stocks to charity by the end of the year. There are a couple of reasons to consider a stock donation: One, you won’t pay any capital gains taxes if the shares have appreciated, and second, you’ll be able to snag a tax deduction for the full market value of the shares at the time that you donate them. The tax deduction limit is for up to 30% of your adjustable gross income — a considerable amount.

Remember, though, that charitable donations must be completed by December 31 if you hope to deduct the donation for the current tax year.

3 Things for Investors to Do by Tax Day 2024

As mentioned, there are a few items on your investing checklist that can be completed by Tax Day, or in mid-April 2024. Here are the few outstanding items that you’ll have several more months to complete.

1. Max Out IRA Contributions

One of the important differences between 401(k)s and IRAs is the contribution deadline. While 401(k) contributions must be made before the end of the calendar year, investors can keep making contributions to their IRA accounts up until Tax Day 2024, within the contribution limits of course.

So, if you want to max out your IRA contributions for 2023, the limit is $6,500. But people over 50 can contribute an additional $1,000 — and you’ll have until April to contribute for 2023 and still be able to deduct contributions from your taxable income (assuming it’s a tax-deferred IRA, not a Roth IRA).

Further, the limit will increase to $7,000 in 2024, with the same $1,000 catch-up provision, and some taxpayers may be able to deduct their contributions, too, under certain conditions.

2. Max Out HSA Contributions

If you have a health savings account (HSA), you’ll want to make sure you’ve hit your contribution limits before Tax Day, too. The contribution limits for HSAs in 2023 are $3,850 for self-only coverage and $7,750 for family coverage, though depending on your age and a few other factors, there may be some additional things to consider. For 2024, the contribution limits are $4,150 for self-only coverage and $8,300 for family coverage. People over 55 can contribute an additional $1,000 in both 2023 and 2024.

3. Take Your RMD (if Applicable)

If you’re retired, you may need to take a required minimum distribution (RMD) from your retirement account by the beginning of April next year, if it’s your first RMD. But if you’ve taken an RMD before, you’ll need to do so before the end of 2023 — so, be sure to check to see what deadline applies to your specific situation.

This generally only applies to people who are in their 70s, but it may be worth discussing with a professional what the best course of action is, especially if you have multiple retirement accounts.

The Takeaway

Doing a year-end financial review can be extremely beneficial, and a checklist can help make sure you don’t miss any important steps for 2023 — and set you up for 2024. That investing checklist should probably include things like maxing out contributions to your retirement accounts, harvesting tax losses in order to manage your tax bill, and possibly even taking minimum required distributions. Everyone’s situation is different, so you’ll need to tailor your investing checklist accordingly.

Also, it’s important to keep in mind that you may have until Tax Day in April to get some of it done — though it may be good practice to knock everything out by the end of the year. If you’re only beginning to invest, keeping this list handy and reviewing it annually can help you establish healthy financial habits.

You can also start next year off strong by opening an investment account with SoFi Invest, and using SoFi’s secure, streamlined app to buy stocks, ETFs, and more.

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Nov

2022

What Is a Dogecoin Mining Pool?

By Brian Nibley | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

A mining pool is a collection of miners who pool their resources and share the rewards of mining a proof-of-work (PoW) cryptocurrency like Dogecoin (DOGE).

Individual miners receive a portion of block rewards in proportion to how much hashing power they contribute.

Miners may earn less overall when mining in a pool vs. solo mining, in which an individual tries to solve for a block on their own, using significant time and computing power. But they receive rewards on a more consistent basis and can maintain a profitable operation, even with smaller amounts of computing power.

💡 Recommended: Is Crypto Mining Still Profitable in 2022?

How Does Dogecoin Mining Work?

In order to understand Dogecoin mining and Dogecoin pool mining, it’s important to remember the qualities that distinguish DOGE among the other types of crypto.

What Is DOGE?

Dogecoin (pronounced dohj-coin), or DOGE, is widely known as the first joke cryptocurrency. It was launched in 2013 as a way to poke fun at Bitcoin. Nonetheless, the currency captured people’s attention and a fair amount of investment.

Dogecoin is an altcoin similar to Bitcoin and Ethereum in that it runs on a blockchain network using a PoW system. But the number of coins that can be mined are unlimited (versus the 21 million-coin cap on Bitcoin).

Despite its place as one of the biggest coins by market cap, DOGE trades at one of the lowest prices: $0.084 cents, as of November 18, 2022.

Understanding Dogecoin Mining

Dogecoin mining works in much the same way that mining any other PoW cryptocurrency works. Dogecoin is based off of Litecoin, which forked from the original Bitcoin source code.

The main difference between Bitcoin (BTC) and Dogecoin (DOGE) or Litecoin (LTC) is that the latter two are altcoins that use a mining algorithm known as Scrypt. Bitcoin mining, by contrast, uses an algorithm called SHA-256. Scrypt allows for faster block confirmation times, which means faster transaction times.

Here’s a quick guide to crypto basics and how the mining process works.

• A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT).

• Blockchain networks are the highways on which cryptocurrencies travel.

• The computers that maintain a blockchain network are called “nodes.”

• Some nodes can add new blocks of transactions to the network and gain rewards. These nodes are called “miners.”

• Miners solve complex mathematical problems to process transactions and achieve consensus on the network, ensuring everyone agrees which transactions are valid.

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Like gold mining, mining for crypto requires time and energy, whether you’re mining Bitcoin or an altcoin like Dogecoin or Litecoin. But unlike gold mining, computers do all the work in crypto mining. Individuals set up their mining rigs (powerful computer systems) and monitor the process. For some, mining cryptocurrency offers an opportunity to obtain cryptocurrency without buying it on an exchange.

How Do You Pool Mine Dogecoin (DOGE)?

To participate in a Dogecoin mining pool, you must have a crypto wallet that’s compatible with DOGE, and all the necessary hardware and software for mining.

Using a pool involves one extra step: telling the miners where to “point” their hashing power. This typically involves entering a single line of computer code into the mining software. The mining pool will provide the specific command, likely somewhere on its website or in the software itself.

Dogecoin Mining Equipment

Crypto mining requires sophisticated and powerful computers known as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). In the case of Dogecoin mining hardware, the ASIC must be specifically designed to run the Scrypt algorithm.

While there might be some pools that allow users to use SHA-256 ASICs, contribute that hashing power to the pool, and take rewards in DOGE, those interested in mining DOGE specifically should stick to Scrypt ASICs.

ASICs take so much electricity that even smaller miners usually require a special power supply to connect to an electrical outlet. They also generate considerable heat, and miners must keep them cool to prevent damage.

In addition to the ASICs and their power supplies, miners will need a laptop or desktop computer. Running the Dogecoin mining software can take a considerable amount of central processing unit (CPU) or graphic processing unit (GPU) power, so that computer probably won’t be able to do much else while the mining is happening.

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Pool Mining vs Solo Mining Dogecoin

Before you decide whether you want to pool mine or solo mine DOGE, you want to weigh the pros and cons.

The benefit of mining solo is that 100% of the block reward will go directly to you. But it could be weeks or months before you find a block because there is so much competition.

Most miners choose to join a mining pool. Pool miners receive rewards in proportion to the amount of hashing power they contribute. However, they also have to pay a small fee in exchange for using the pool.

Pros and Cons of Pool Mining	Pros and Cons of Solo Mining
Doesn’t require as much computing power.	Requires a lot of computing power & energy.
Earn rewards proportional to your hashing power.	100% of the mining reward goes to you.
Easier to join a pool than find a block to mine.	Can be hard to find a block to mine.
Must pay pool mining fees, which eat into profits.	Overall costs of solo mining are quite high, which can eat into profits.

Using a Pool to Mine Multiple Coins

Some mining pools mine multiple cryptocurrencies. This allows the pool to switch its mining activities should mining a different coin become more popular depending on the constantly changing variables of price and difficulty.

For example, some pools mine both Dogecoin and Litecoin since both rely on the same mining algorithm. If such a pool’s miners were focused on Dogecoin but the price of DOGE stagnates, it could become harder to mine DOGE due to difficulty increases, meaning reduced profits for miners absent a rise in DOGE. Then they could switch to Litecoin.

Dogecoin Cloud Mining

Mining via the cloud is another option, and you won’t need physical hardware or software. Cloud mining DOGE involves buying a contract for a certain amount of hashing power over a certain amount of time. Essentially, you’re renting computing power from someone else.

Be careful, there have been many cloud mining scams over the years.

How to Join a Dogecoin Mining Pool

Other than the above, most mining pools don’t have any special requirements for joining. They want to make it as easy as possible for new miners to contribute because they take a small fee from each block reward. The more miners in the pool, the more often the pool finds new blocks, and the more fees the pool will generate.

Mining pools often have instructions on their website that teach new miners how to join. It usually involves little more than entering a line of code into a mining program. Computers handle the rest.

Here is a rundown of the steps that an individual will take when joining a mining pool:

Step 1: Obtain the necessary hardware. As noted above, joining a mining pool may require less sophisticated equipment than solo mining.

Step 2: Select a Dogecoin mining pool to join (more in the next section).

Step 3: Download and install the software from the pool’s official site.

Step 4: Set up a DOGE crypto wallet and enter the address into the software (so the software knows where to send the new coins.

How to Find the Best Dogecoin Mining Pool

To choose the best Dogecoin mining pool for you, consider the following factors:

Fees and Costs

Because mining cryptocurrency comes with a significant investment of time and money, miners will want to choose a pool that earns them the greatest profit. That involves a pool with the lowest fees and most equitable reward structure. The biggest Dogecoin pool may or may not be the best, as there are other factors to consider.

For example, the Dogecoin mining pool power cost is also important to consider. Mining requires cheap electricity to be profitable, and for miners to make more money.

In addition, the mining pool itself will charge a fee, maybe 0.5% to 4% of the reward. You’ll want to compare the fees charged by different pools.

Reward Distribution

The reward for each block of transactions is 10,000 DOGE, and it’s split among the mining pool members, in proportion to the hashing power that member contributed to the mining pool. For that reason, computing power does matter when you join a mining pool.

The bigger the pool, the more consistent your rewards will be. So while you might be able to score 10,000 DOGE per month as a solo miner, you could earn the same amount in smaller chunks when you join a mining pool.

Hashing Power

You want a pool with a high combined hashrate. That’s more important than the overall size of the pool. But the size of the pool is also an indicator of how trustworthy/secure it is.

The more hashing power you contribute, the bigger your share of the rewards will be. Hashing power is a function of computing power, so it’s something to consider as you invest in your rig, or cloud mining.

Server Locations

In theory, it may be smarter to join a pool with servers on the same continent, in terms of hash rate needed. Proximity to servers may enhance your rewards.

Security

The security of the mining pool is obviously critical, and there are various aspects to consider. First, you want to ensure that the pool is transparent about its hashrate and payout structures. Does the pool have a real-time dashboard of activity that you can review?

Stability is also important. Does the pool have a lot of down time, which can impact your ability to mine as well as potential profits.

5 Popular Dogecoin Mining Pools

While there are many Dogecoin mining pools, some are more popular. Remember that the number of coins mined is correlated with the pool’s computing power. A larger pool may equal more computing power, but not necessarily. A smaller pool running more high-powered computers would outperform a larger pool with older networks.

1. Aikapool

One of the oldest mining pools, Aikapool doesn’t charge a fee and there are no withdrawal limits. The payout is PROP, or proportional to your hash rate.

2. Prohashing

The Prohashing pool is one of the largest pools and it’s notable for paying in DOGE, vs. converting rewards to BTC or LTC.

3. Multipool

Multipool allows you to mine for more than one type of crypto at once, sometimes called merge mining. So you can mine DOGE and LTC, for example. Multipool charges a fee of about 0.25%.

4. 1CoinPool

1CoinPool has a transparent fee structure, and pays according to the PPS (proportional pay per share, where you get a fixed amount per work submitted). 1CoinPoll operates two mining pools – Litecoin and Dogecoin. Also, there are no fees for withdrawals. This means that the miners are rewarded proportionally as per the hashing power. Furthermore, the coins get automatically added to the wallet.

5. LitecoinPool

Litecoin also has a transparent reward system (PPS), and doesn’t charge fees, including no withdrawal fees.

The Takeaway

Cryptocurrency mining is not an easy task, and won’t be profitable for most people most of the time. All the right variables must align for an individual to make money mining in most instances. Many take up mining as a hobby and as a way to build a small crypto portfolio while contributing to the livelihood of the network of a particular coin.

FAQ

Can Dogecoin still be mined in 2022?

Yes. Despite the ongoing volatility in the crypto markets, mining for many types of crypto continues. There are both solo Dogecoin miners and pool miners still active today.

How long does mining 1 Dogecoin take?

You can’t really mine 1 DOGE, because the rewards for mining a block is 10,000 DOGE. Given that it takes about a minute to mine a block of Dogecoin, depending on your equipment and the size of your mining pool, that’s roughly what it would take to obtain 1 DOGE.

How much Dogecoin could you mine in just 1 day?

Again, it depends on the number of blocks you have access to — either as a solo miner or as a pool miner — and how much hashing power you have. The supply of DOGE is unlimited, but you can only earn 10,000 DOGE per block of transactions that are confirmed.

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First Trade Amount		Bonus Payout
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Nov

2022

How to Invest and Profit During Inflation

How to Invest During Inflation

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Inflation occurs when there is a widespread rise in the prices of goods and services. The inflation rate, or the rate at which prices increase, was rising throughout 2022 at the fastest pace in 40 years. That has an impact on both consumers and investors. High inflation makes common goods like groceries, gasoline, and rent more expensive for consumers, meaning paychecks might not go as far if wages don’t rise along with prices.

For investors, high inflation can also affect the financial markets. Traditionally, rising inflation has tempered stock market growth, as consumers have less money to spend, and the Federal Reserve may step in to check rising inflation by making loans and credit more expensive with higher interest rates. What’s an investor do when inflation is on the upswing? Often, it means adjusting investment portfolios to protect assets against rising prices and an uncertain economy.

Investing & Inflation: How Are They Related?

Inflation’s Impact on Stock and Bond Investments

Investing during inflation can be tricky. It’s important to know that inflation impacts both stock and bond markets, but in different ways.

Inflation and the Stock Market

Inflation has an indirect impact on stocks, partially reflecting consumer purchasing power. As prices rise, retail investors may have less money to put into the stock market, reducing market growth.

Perhaps more importantly, high inflation may cause the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates to cool down the economy. Higher interest rates also make stock market investments less attractive to investors, as they can get higher returns in lower-risk assets like bonds.

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Also, when inflation rises, that puts pressure on investors’ stock market returns to keep up with the inflation rate. For instance, consider a stock portfolio that earns 5% before inflation. If inflation rises at a 6.0% rate, the portfolio actually loses 1.0% on an inflation-adjusted basis.

However, some stocks and other assets can perform well in periods of rising prices, which can be a hedge against inflation. When inflation hits the consumer economy, companies boost the prices of their goods and services to keep profits rolling, as their cost of doing business rises at the same time. Consequently, rising prices contribute to higher revenues, which helps boost a company’s stock price. Investors, after all, want to be in business with companies with robust revenues.

Overall, rising inflation raises the investment risk of an economic slowdown or recession. That scenario doesn’t bode well for strong stock market performance, as uncertainty about the overall economy tends to curb market growth, thus reducing company earnings which leads to sliding equity prices.

Inflation and the Bond Market

Inflation may be a drag on bond market performance, as well. Most bonds like U.S. Treasury, corporate, or municipal bonds offer a fixed rate of return, paid in the form of interest or coupon payments. As fixed-income securities offer stable, but fixed, investment returns, rising inflation can eat at those returns, further reducing the purchasing power of bond market investors.

Additionally, the Federal Reserve’s response to inflation — higher interest rates — can lower the price of bonds because there is an inverse relationship between bond yields and bond prices. So, bond investors and bond funds may experience losses because of high interest rates.

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What to Invest in During Inflation

Investors can take several steps to protect their portfolios during periods of high inflation. Choosing what to invest in during inflation is like selecting investments at any other time — you’ll need to evaluate the asset itself and how it fits into your overall portfolio strategy both now and in the future.

1. Retail Stocks

Investors might consider stocks where the underlying company can boost prices in times of rising inflation. Retail stocks, like big box stores or discount retailers with a global brand and a massive customer base, can be potential investments during high inflation periods. In that scenario, the retailer could raise prices and not only cover the cost of rising inflation but also continue to earn profits in a high inflation period.

2. Consumer Goods Stocks

Think of a consumer goods manufacturer that already has a healthy portion of the toothpaste or shampoo market and doesn’t need excess capital as it’s already well-invested in its own business. Companies with low capital needs tend to do better in inflationary periods, as they don’t have to invest more cash into the business to keep up with competitors — they already have a solid market position and the means to produce and market their products.

3. Commodities

Investing in precious metals, oil and gas, gold, and other commodities can also be good inflation hedges. The price growth of many commodities contributes to high inflation. So investors may see returns by investing in commodities during high inflationary periods. Take the price of oil, natural gas, and gasoline. Businesses and consumers rely highly on oil and gas and will likely keep filling up the tank and heating their homes, even if they have to pay higher prices. That makes oil — and other commodities — a good portfolio component when inflation is on the move.

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4. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) can be a good hedge against inflation. By design, TIPS are like most bonds that pay investors a fixed rate twice annually. They’re also protected against inflation as the principal amount of the securities is adjusted for inflation.

5. I Bonds

During periods of high inflation, investors may consider investing in Series I Savings Bonds, commonly known as I Bonds. I Bonds are indexed to inflation like TIPS, but the interest rate paid to investors is adjustable. With an I bond, investors earn both a fixed interest rate and a rate that changes with inflation. The U.S. Treasury sets the inflation-adjusted interest rate on I Bonds twice a year.

Inflation Basics, Explained

Inflation is primarily defined as a continuing rise in prices. Some inflation is okay — historically, economic booms have come with an annual inflation rate of about 1% to 2%, a range that reflects solid consumer sentiment amidst a growing economy. An inflation rate of 5% or more can be a different story, with higher rates associated with an overheated economy.

Inflation rates often correlate to economic growth, which is sometimes good for consumers. When economic growth occurs, consumers and businesses have more money and tend to spend it. When cash flows through the economy, demand for goods and services grows, leading food and services producers to raise prices. That triggers a rise in inflation, with the inflation rate growing even more as demand for goods and services outpaces supply.

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Conversely, prices fall when demand slides and supply is abundant; the inflation rate tumbles as economic growth wanes.

The main barometer of inflation in the United States is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI encompasses the retail price of goods and services in common sectors such as housing, healthcare, transportation, food and beverage, and education, among other economic sectors. The Federal Reserve uses a similar index, the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCE), in its inflation-related measurements. Economists and investors track inflation on both a monthly and an annual basis.

The Takeaway

Investors should proceed with caution when inflation rises. It may be tempting to readjust your portfolio because prices are rising. However, massive changes to a well-planned portfolio may do more harm than good, especially if you are investing with a long time horizon. Periods of high inflation usually wane, so throwing a long-term investment plan out the window just because inflation is moving upward may knock you off course to meet your long-term financial goals.

If you’re ready to build a solid portfolio to meet your long-term financial goals, a great place to start is with a SoFi Invest® online brokerage account. With SoFi, you can trade stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) with no commissions for as little as $5.

Take a step toward reaching your financial goals with SoFi Invest.

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