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It can sometimes seem like there are an endless amount of student loans, but there are borrowing caps in place. Students face both annual and lifetime borrowing limits for federal student loans. The lifetime aggregate limit for undergraduate students is $57,500, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans. For graduate students, the lifetime borrowing limit is $138,500, of which, no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans.

Private lenders may also have lifetime and annual borrowing limits, though those limits will be set by the lender. It’s possible to hit the maximum amount of loans allowed before finishing school, so it’s helpful to understand how much you may be eligible to borrow.

What Is the Lifetime Limit for Student Loans?

Students have the option to borrow federal student loans, private student loans, or both. Depending on factors like your year in school, there are aggregate and lifetime limits for borrowing.

Federal Student Loan Lifetime Limits

Federal loans have both annual and lifetime limits. The limits can vary by student, depending on three factors, including:

•   Your year in school

•   The type of loan you are eligible to borrow choose (subsidized vs. unsubsidized)

•   Your dependency status

Independent students, who the U.S. Department of Education considers to be on their own financially, can borrow more than dependent students who can typically get help from their parents.

Even if you’re financially independent of your parents, the definition of an independent student is fairly strict, and if you are under the age of 24, you’ll need to confirm you qualify as an independent student. If you’re not sure what you qualify as, see your guidance counselor or an admissions counselor who may be able to help.

If you’re not sure what you qualify as, see your guidance counselor or an admissions counselor who may be able to help. Here’s how the loan limits shake out depending on your status and year in school, straight from the U.S. Department of Education:

Year In School	Dependent Students*	Independent Students**
First-year undergraduate	$5,500 — no more than $3,500 can be subsidized	$9,500 — no more than $3,500 can be subsidized
Second-year undergraduate	$6,500 — no more than $4,500 can be subsidized	$10,500 — no more than $4,500 can be subsidized
Third-year and beyond undergraduate	$7,500 — no more than $5,500 can be subsidized	$12,500 — no more than $5,500 can be subsidized
Graduate and professional student annual limit	N/A (all graduate and professional degree students are considered independent)	$20,500 — none can be subsidized
Lifetime limit	$31,000 — no more than $23,000 can be subsidized	$57,000 for undergraduates — no more than $23,000 can be subsidized $138,500 for graduate and professional students — no more than $65,500 can be subsidized

^*Except students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans.

^**And dependent undergraduate students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans.

Note that the lifetime limit for graduate and professional students includes the amount in federal loans you borrowed during your undergraduate studies.

Private Student Loan Lifetime Limits

If you choose to borrow private student loans, know that the annual and lifetime limit may vary by lender. That said, the annual limits typically cannot exceed the cost of attendance at your school, less any financial aid you have already received.

The total cost of attendance is a number determined by your school and typically includes tuition and fees, on-campus room and board, books, supplies, transportation, and dependent care.

As for lifetime limits, it may depend on whether you’re an undergraduate student or a graduate student. Some private lenders may offer higher limits if you’re doing an MBA or going to law or medical school, for example.

Some lenders have just one limit for all loans. But in some cases, you may even see two-lifetime limits: one for loans through the private lender and one for total federal and private loans.

So, if you’re considering borrowing from a private lender, ask about their loan limits before applying to make sure you get the funding you need.

What to Do If You’ve Hit the Maximum Federal Student Loan Amount

If you’ve reached your lifetime limit for federal student loans or you’re close to it, it’s probably time to start thinking about how you’re going to repay your student loans. Here are some options if you’ve maxed out your options for federal loans.

Consider Student Loan Refinancing

One way to make progress toward paying off your student loans and potentially save money along the way is to refinance them with a private lender (provided you haven’t reached your limit with these loans, too). Student loan refinancing can allow you to replace your current loans with a new one.

In some cases, you may qualify for a lower fixed or variable interest rate than what you’re currently paying. You could also adjust your repayment schedule to pay off your student loans faster or take some more time to fit your budget better.

With a lower interest rate, you could reduce the amount of money you spend on interest over the life of the loan. If you lengthen the term of your loan you’d decrease your monthly payments but will pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

In other words, if you refinance your student loans, you may get more flexibility with your payments as you eliminate your debt. However, it is important to note that if you refinance your student loans with a private lender, you may forfeit eligibility for federal benefits, such as student loan forgiveness.

Check Out Federal Assistance Programs

If you’ve maxed out your federal student loans because your income isn’t where you’d like it to be, you may want to take a look at federal programs like income-driven repayment plans, deferment, or forbearance instead — all of which you’d give up access to if you refinance with a private lender.

Consider a Private Student Loan

If you’ve reached your limit on federal student loans but still need some assistance paying for your tuition, you might consider taking out a new private student loan. There are options for fixed or variable private student loans, and some lenders like SoFi offer flexible repayment options. Partial, deferred, or interest-only payments put a bit less strain on your budget.

The Takeaway

There are both annual and lifetime borrowing limits for federal student loans, the lifetime limit for undergraduate students is $57,550, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans. Private lenders may also have borrowing limits, but they will be set by the lender. Generally speaking, private student loans are limited to the cost of attendance.

SoFi is one of the leading private student loan lenders and offers fee-free private student loans with competitive interest rates for qualifying borrowers. The simple application can be completed entirely online.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Congrats! Your school is offering you a scholarship and grant. And, your parents are pitching in. You’ve even been awarded some federal grant aid. But it doesn’t cover the entire bill.

If this is you, loans are an option. Taking on debt is not your first choice — but a college education can be an investment in your future. You can earn potentially 55% more with a bachelor’s degree than with only a high school diploma, according to National Center for Educational Statistics data from 2021.

State student loan programs are an option to consider. They are loans provided and guaranteed by state government agencies. The loan programs are unique to each state and require specific eligibility requirements, such as state residency, to qualify. Though the institutions are non-profits or state-run, the loans are considered private.

State Student Loan Programs, Explained

State student loans are offered by state government agencies. They generally have similar requirements and benefits to federal loans: low, fixed interest rates and flexible repayment plans. Some even offer subsidized (interest-free) loans and a deferred repayment plan. Though some states may waive a credit check, other lenders do require it. Students without a solid credit history may need to consider applying with a cosigner.

State student loans agencies are also unique because they are run not-for-profit and benefit the local community. As a local entity, they tend to be more mission-minded and offer more personable customer service.

These programs may offer a strong alternative for students who have exhausted financial aid and federal student loans.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

What Are State Student Loan Programs?

State student loan programs vary in scope by state and not all states offer this option. Typically, a state’s department of postsecondary education is responsible for managing the loan program.

Also, terms and eligibility requirements differ from state to state. For instance, Georgia state offers the “Student Access Loan” through the Georgia Student Finance Authority. It’s a 1% fixed rate loan offered exclusively to Georgia residents.

Eligibility is strict, however. Prospective or current students must be enrolled in an institution from one of three university systems in Georgia (University System of Georgia, Technical College System of Georgia or Private postsecondary institutions). A maximum of $8,000 can be awarded per year: up to $36,000 in a college career.

Applying for State Student Loan Programs

Many state student loans’ first step is filling out a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). According to the U.S. Department of Education, some programs are first-come, first-serve — so it may help to apply early.

To get started, find your state’s department of postsecondary education. The U.S. Department of Education maintains a list of each state’s agency . These departments will be your direct sources of information on loan programs, eligibility, and how to apply. They can direct you to state student loan programs, if any are available.

It’s best to contact your department first for the latest programs. But the Education Finance Council has a comprehensive list of all participating state agencies. It may also be helpful to connect with your financial aid office, as they may have insight into state and college-specific aid opportunities.

If your state does not offer student loans — consider out-of-state agencies that accept out-of-state students like the Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (MEFA). Massachusetts’ state legislature created MEFA in 1982 to provide low-cost finance alternatives for families and students. They offer undergraduate loans with fixed rates from 5.35% to 7.95% APR, as of July 2023.

Recommended: FAFSA 101: How to Complete the FAFSA

What Can State Student Loan Programs Be Used For?

Borrowers use state student loans for college programs, whether professional, undergraduate, or graduate.

Your “cost of attendance” (COA) is a federal term that defines expenses from your higher ed programs. They can include tuition, room, food, books, and supplies.

State student loans should not be used for sorority and fraternity dues, vacation travel, or non-discretionary dining. Generally, it’s wise to use the minimum required to pay for educational needs in order to pay lower interest fees after graduation.

Tuition

Tuition is the price of the actual education. It covers the cost of your classes and varies by the amount of credits required in your major. Charges will also vary depending on whether the school is public or private, or if students are in-state.

Room & Board

Room and board refers to housing and meals provided on a college campus. Types of housing include dorms or university-owned apartments.

Some students cut substantial costs by living at home and commuting to school. If living at home is not an option, off-campus rentals can also be covered by state student loans. This option may be cheaper, especially if roommates split the rent.

Recommended: Using Student Loans for Living Expenses and Housing

School Supplies & Equipment

Books, laptops, and other educational equipment are also part of COA. It can cover general school items such as pens and notebooks. And, equipment includes degree-specific equipment and gear, such as Adobe software for graphic design majors or cameras for photography students.

Consider buying second-hand books or renting e-books. E-books in general are cheaper than physical textbooks.

Transportation

If your classes are not walking distance — COA covers all local transportation costs such as car, taxi, and public transit. Examples are monthly train passes or gas for your car. Loans cannot be used to purchase a vehicle.

Personal Expenses

These expenses cover daily needs such as toiletries, groceries, laundry, haircuts, and other personal matters while a college student. They can also cover your phone and internet bill.

Dependent Care Expenses

Childcare is included in COA. This includes daycare or babysitters. Determine your aid amount by the number and age of dependents, as well as hours of care needed.

Other Costs Associated with Schooling

Miscellaneous expenses are covered too. Examples might include study abroad programs and special needs equipment. COA also covers general campus fees such as orientation fees, student social activity fees, health insurance fees, and more.

Recommended: I Didn’t Get Enough Financial Aid: Now What?

State Loan Programs vs Private Student Loans

State student loan programs have minor differences from private student loans.

Benefits to state student loans may include a more competitive interest rate or a deferred payment plan. Some programs offer one interest rate for everyone — regardless of credit score. This means everyone accepted into the program is charged the same interest rate regardless of credit history. Minnesota’s Office of Higher Education, for example, offers one 6.35% fixed rate or 2.2% variable rate for all borrowers. Furthermore, the Alaska Commission on Postsecondary Education allows borrowers to defer paying off student loans six months after graduation. Private lenders typically have higher interest rates that are generally determined based on the applicant’s credit history and income, among other factors. Also, private loans may not have deferred repayment plans.

State loan programs usually have a maximum borrowing amount for students. For instance, Georgia’s program awards a maximum of $8,000 per year — while Minnesota’s program awards up to $20,000 per year. Private lenders generally have no cap.

State college loan programs have more strict eligibility requirements for borrowers. The above-mentioned state agencies in Georgia and Minnesota lend only to in-state residents. Georgia has even stricter policies: the schools must be in-state. Alaska’s program however, allows Alaskan residents to use funds for out of state tuition.

Lastly, state student loan programs are not available in every state — whereas there are several private lenders to choose from nationally.

Explore Private Student Loans with SoFi

If you’re short on college cash with financial aid and family contributions, a private student loan can cover the difference. Because they lack the borrower protections offer to federal loan borrowers, such as deferment options, they may be an alternative to consider when all other options have been exhausted.

SoFi’s private student loans are available for undergraduate and graduate students, or their parents. Plus the loans have no fees. Borrowers are also able to choose from four flexible repayment plans.

Students can choose to defer payments up to six months after graduating school, make interest-only repayments, or pay immediately. And, we offer a unique feature that releases co-signers from loan obligations after 24 on-time payments.

Interested in financing your education with a SoFi private student loan? Find out if you qualify within minutes.

FAQ

What are state student loans?

State student loans are non-federal funds offered via U.S. state higher education offices. They generally offer lower interest rates and various benefits to residents. Some state agencies lend nationally.

Are state student loans offered through the government?

State student loans are offered through state-level government agencies — not national (federal) agencies.

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Photo credit: iStock/Nelson_A_Ishikawa

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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If you’re a parent, you’ve likely already begun to worry about how you’re going to pay for your kid’s college tuition. But what percentage of parents pay for college? It may be less than you expect.

What Percent of Parents Pay for Their Children’s College Education?

87% of families pay for a portion of their child’s college tuition, according to Sallie Mae’s How America Pays for College 2022. The reality is, even a percentage of the total college bill can be tough for most families to pay.

How much exactly should parents be saving? Average yearly tuition and fees have risen to an average of $39,400 for private four year institutions and $10,940 for in-state residents at public four year colleges, for the 2022-23 academic year.

Add on living costs, and some students can expect to shell over $50,000 for one year of higher education. That means that even parents who only plan to pay for part of the costs of college still must save tens of thousands of dollars to help their kiddos with college.

What Student Loans Are Available to Parents?

Parents considering borrowing a student loan to pay for their child’s education can choose between a federal Parent PLUS Loan, or explore options available at private lenders.

According to the same Sallie Mae survey, parents’ income and savings account for nearly 43% of college costs. Other sources of funding include scholarships, grants, or student loans borrowed by the student. Parents can also borrow a loan to help their students pay for college. Approximately 41% of families borrowed to help fund their child’s education.

Recommended: The Differences Between Grants, Scholarships, and Loans

Parent PLUS Loans

Parent PLUS Loans, as mentioned, are a type of federal student loan available for parents of dependent undergraduate students.

To apply, parents or their students must first fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). Then, the parent can apply for the PLUS Loan directly on the federal aid website. There will be a credit check to review any adverse credit history, but approval won’t be dependent on factors like the applicant’s credit score or debt-to-income ratio.

Parent PLUS Loans have a fixed interest rate that is set annually by Congress. Direct PLUS Loans carry an origination fee. For the 2023-24 school year, the origination fee is 4.228%

Private Parent Loans

Private loans for parents are available from private financial institutions including banks and credit unions. These lenders generally review factors like the applicant’s credit score, income, and those for any cosigner. Private lenders determine their own interest rates, terms, and repayment plans.

Compare annual percentage rates among lenders to help you decide whether a fixed or variable interest rate would be best for your financial situation. Some private lenders charge an origination fee, while others do not.

Saving for Future College Costs

It can seem insurmountable to even think about saving over $40,000 (per year) for college costs on top of all your other financial responsibilities. One recommendation is to pay off your own student loans before putting significant amounts of money into college savings. Some parents find that refinancing their own student loans if they haven’t yet paid them off may allow them to save money — giving them more financial wiggle room to start saving up for future educational expenses.

How can refinancing help you save on your student loans so you can start saving for your kids’ education? Student loan refinancing allows you to trade in all your student loans for one new loan with a potentially lower interest rate and more favorable repayment terms.

But should you refinance your student loans? Consider if the benefits outweigh any potential negatives. For example, you may be able to secure a more competitive interest rate, but refinancing federal loans will eliminate them from any borrower protections or benefits. So, if you are using one of these benefits — such as pursuing Public Service Loan Forgiveness — refinancing may not make sense. Read more in SoFi’s student loan refinancing guide.

When you refinance your student loans, the lender looks at your current financial situation, including your credit score, income, and future earning potential (among other factors) to calculate an interest rate that could potentially be lower than what you might be paying to the federal government or a private student loan lender. Decreasing the interest rate may allow you to save money over the life of your loan (provided your term remains the same or is shorter).

Refinancing Options

If you are interested in refinancing student loans with bad credit, know that it may be more challenging to secure a competitive interest rate. It’s possible to find a lender and refinanced loans that meet your needs, but you may need to shop around or consider adding a cosigner to your application. A student loan cosigner is someone who agrees to take on responsibility for the loan if you, the primary borrower, is unable to make payments in the future.

If you’re unable to add a cosigner or just want to focus on refinancing without a cosigner, you might want to take some time to focus on building your credit. A few tips on building credit include making monthly payments on-time, keeping your debt-to-income ratio low, and checking your credit report regularly to remove any errors.

On top of potentially saving on interest rates, refinancing your student loans can consolidate multiple student loan payments into one monthly payment.

Furthermore, if you’re able to shorten your loan term through student loan refinancing, you could pay off your student loans even faster, further reducing the amount of interest you’d pay over the course of your loan. Those savings can be converted into savings for your kiddo’s future education — hopefully saving them from having to take out too many student loans themselves.

See what refinancing could do for your student loans by using SoFi’s student loan calculator.

Tips for Saving for College

There are a few options to help parents maximize their savings. In fact, one of the main benefits of saving up for college while your child is still fairly little is that you have time on your side.

If you can sock away even small amounts of money over time, depending on where you put it, you give that money a chance to earn interest or dividends over time — and potentially increase the amount you’ll have to put toward your child’s tuition payments.

Once you’ve decided to start saving up a college fund, you’ll have to choose where exactly you want to save that money. While some parents choose to set aside cash in a regular savings account, the relatively low interest rates on most savings accounts mean that your money may not grow much over time.

Instead, many parents consider a government-sponsored savings program in order to net some serious tax benefits, or even to start investing in order to grow money over time.

When it comes to government savings plans, you can choose from a 529 college savings plan , which offers generous tax benefits, or a Coverdell Education Savings Account, which allows you to invest in stocks and bonds to cover educational expenses.

The Takeaway

While fewer and fewer parents are ready to take on the full cost of their child’s college education, starting to save today can help you save as much as possible for future educational expenses. If you have your own student loans from your college days, one option to create some wiggle room in your budget is to refinance those loans to a lower interest rate.

If you are considering refinancing as one strategy to help you save more for your child’s college fund, take a look at refinancing student loans with SoFi. At SoFi, refinanced loans offer competitive rates to qualifying borrowers with flexible repayment options. Plus, there are no fees and the application takes only a few minutes.

Private student loans with SoFi offer competitive interest rates and have zero fees.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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