Oct
13
2025
What Is Mark to Market and How Does It Work?

Mark to Market Definition and Uses in Accounting & Investing

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Mark to Market Definition and Uses in Accounting & Investing

Mark to market (MTM) is an accounting method that measures the current value of a company’s assets and liabilities, rather than their original price. MTM seeks to determine the real value of assets based on what they could be sold for right now, which in turn provides a more accurate estimate of a company’s financial worth.

MTM can be useful when an investor is trying to gauge a company’s financial health or get a valuation estimate ahead of a merger or acquisition. Aside from accounting, MTM also has applications in investing when trading stocks, futures contracts, and mutual funds. For traders and investors, it can be important to understand how this concept works.

Key Points

•  The mark-to-market (MTM) accounting method is used to determine the current value of assets and liabilities based on present market conditions.

•  MTM is used in business to assess financial health and valuation, as well as in investing for trading stocks, futures contracts, and mutual funds.

•  MTM accounting adjusts asset values based on current market conditions to estimate their potential sale value.

•  Pros of mark-to-market accounting include accurate valuations for asset liquidation, value investing, and establishing collateral value for loans.

•  Cons include potential inaccuracies, volatility skewing valuations, and the risk of devaluing assets in an economic downturn.

What Is Mark to Market (MTM)?

Mark to market is, in simple terms, an accounting method that’s used to calculate the current or fair value of a company’s assets and liabilities. MTM can tell you what an asset is worth based on its fair market value.

Mark-to-market accounting is meant to create an accurate estimate of a company’s financial status and value year over year. This accounting method can tell you whether a company’s assets have increased or declined in value. When liabilities are factored in, MTM can give you an idea of a company’s net worth.

Mark to market is also used to establish the fair market value of certain investments, which has implications for investors, particularly those using margin accounts, where the value of the securities in the account can impact an individual’s ability to trade.

How Mark-to-Market Accounting Works

Mark-to-market accounting works by adjusting the value of assets based on current market conditions. The idea is to determine how much an asset — whether it be a piece of equipment or an investment — could be worth if it were to be sold immediately.

If a company were in a cash crunch, for example, and wanted to sell off some of its assets, mark to market accounting could give an idea of how much capital it might be able to raise. The company would try to determine as accurately as possible what its marketable assets are worth.

In stock trading, MTM is determined for securities by looking at volatility and market performance. Specifically, you’re looking at a security’s current trading price then making adjustments to value based on the trading price at the end of the trading day.

There are other ways mark to market can be used beyond valuing company assets or securities. In insurance, for example, the MTM method is used to calculate the replacement value of personal property. Calculating net worth, an important personal finance ratio, is also a simple form of mark to market accounting.

Mark-to-Market Accounting: Pros and Cons

Mark-to-Market accounting can be useful when evaluating how much a company’s assets are worth or determining value when trading securities. But it’s not an entirely foolproof accounting method.

Mark-to-Market Pros Mark-to-Market Cons

•   Can help establish accurate valuations when companies need to liquidate assets

•   Useful for value investors when making investment decisions

•   May make it easier for lenders to establish the value of collateral when extending loans

•   Valuations are not always 100% accurate since they’re based on current market conditions

•   Increased volatility may skew valuations of company assets

•   Companies may devalue their assets in an economic downturn, which can result in losses

Pros of Mark-to-Market Accounting

There are a few advantages of mark-to-market accounting:

•  MTM can help generate an accurate valuation of company assets. This may be important if a company needs to liquidate assets or it’s attempting to secure financing. Lenders can use the mark to market value of assets to determine whether a company has sufficient collateral to secure a loan.

•  MTM can help mitigate risk. If a value investor is looking for new companies to invest in, for example, having an accurate valuation is critical for avoiding value traps. Investors who rely on a fundamental approach can also use mark-to-market value when examining key financial ratios, such as price to earnings (P/E) or return on equity (ROE).

•  It may make it easier for lenders to establish the value of collateral when extending loans. Mark to market may provide more accurate guidance in terms of collateral value.

Cons of Mark-to-Market Accounting

There are also some potential disadvantages of using mark-to-market accounting:

•  It may not be 100% accurate. Fair market value is determined based on what you expect someone to pay for an asset that you have to sell. That doesn’t necessarily guarantee you would get that amount if you were to sell the asset.

•  It can be problematic during periods of increased economic volatility. It may be more difficult to estimate the value of a company’s assets or net worth when the market is experiencing uncertainty or overall momentum is trending toward an economic downturn.

•  Companies may inadvertently devalue their assets in a downturn. If the market’s perception of a company, industry, or sector turns negative, it could spur a sell-off of assets. Companies may end up devaluing their assets if they’re liquidating in a panic. This can have a boomerang effect and drive further economic decline, as it did in the 1930s when banks marked down assets following the 1929 stock market crash.

Mark to Market in Investing

In investing, mark to market is used to measure the current value of securities, portfolios or trading accounts. This is often used in instances where investors are trading futures or other securities in margin accounts.

Margin trading involves borrowing money from a brokerage in order to increase purchasing power.

Understanding mark to market is important for meeting margin requirements to continue trading. Investors typically have to deposit cash or have marginable securities of $2,000 or 50% of the securities purchased. The maintenance margin reflects the amount that must be in the margin account at all times to avoid a margin call.

In simple terms, margin calls are requests for more money. FINRA rules require the maintenance margin to be at least 25% of the total value of margin securities. If an investor is subject to a margin call, they’ll have to sell assets or deposit more money to reach their maintenance margin and continue trading.

Futures are derivative financial contracts, in which there’s an agreement to buy or sell a particular security at a specific price on a future date. In futures trading, mark to market is used to price contracts at the end of the trading day. These adjustments affect the cash balance showing in a futures account, which in turn may affect an investor’s ability to meet margin maintenance requirements.

Mark-to-Market Example

Futures markets follow an official daily settlement price that’s established by the exchange. In a futures contract transaction you have a long trader and a short trader. The amount of value gained or lost in the futures contract at the end of the day is reflected in the values of the accounts belonging to the short and long trader.

So, assume a farmer takes a short position in 10 soybean futures contracts to hedge against the possibility of falling commodities prices. Each contract represents 5,000 bushels of soybeans and is priced at $5 each. The farmer’s account balance is $250,000. This account balance will change daily as the mark to market value is recalculated. Here’s what that might look like over a five-day period.

Day

 Futures Price Change in Value Gain/Loss Cumulative Gain/Loss Account Balance
1 $5 $250,000
2 $5.05 +0.05 -2,500 -2,500 $247,500
3 $5.03 -0.02 +1,000 -1,500 $248,500
4 $4.97 -0.06 +3,000 +1,500 $251,500
5 $4.90 -0.07 +3,500 +5,000 $255,000

Since the farmer took a short position, a decline in the value of the futures contract results in a positive gain for their account value. This daily pattern of mark to market will continue until the futures contract expires.

Conversely, the trader who holds a long position in the same contract will see their account balance move in the opposite direction as each new gain or loss is posted.

Mark to Market in Recent History

Mark-to-market accounting can become problematic if an asset’s market value and true value are out of sync. For example, during the financial crisis of 2008-09, mortgage-backed securities (MBS) became a trouble spot for banks.

As the housing market soared, banks raised valuations for mortgage-backed securities. To increase borrowing and sell more loans, credit standards were relaxed. This meant banks were carrying a substantial amount of subprime loans.

As asset prices began to fall, banks couldn’t sell those assets, and under mark-to-market accounting rules they had to be revalued. As a result banks collectively reported around $2 trillion in total mark-to-market losses.

During this time, the U.S. economy would enter one of the worst recessions in recent history.

Can You Mark Assets to Market?

The U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) oversees mark-to-market accounting standards. These standards, along with other accounting and financial reporting rules, apply to corporate entities and nonprofit organizations in the U.S. But it’s possible to use mark-to-market principles when making trades.

If you’re trading futures contracts, for instance, mark-to-market adjustments are made to your cash balance daily, based on the settlement price of the securities you hold. Your cash balance will increase or decrease based on the gains or losses reported for that day.

If the market moves in your favor, your account’s value would increase. But if the market moves against you and your futures contracts drop in value, your cash balance would adjust accordingly. You’d have to pay attention to maintenance margin requirements in order to avoid a margin call.

Which Assets Are Marked to Market?

Generally, the types of assets that are marked to market are ones that are bought and sold for cash relatively quickly — otherwise known as marketable securities. Assets that can be marked to market include stocks, futures, ETFs, and mutual funds. These are assets for which it’s possible to determine a fair market value based on current market conditions.

When measuring the value of tangible and intangible assets, companies may not use the mark-to-market method. In the case of equipment, for example, they may use historical cost accounting which considers the original price paid for an asset and its subsequent depreciation.

Meanwhile, different valuation methods may be necessary to determine the worth of intellectual property or a company’s brand reputation, which are intangible assets.

Mark-to-Market Losses

Mark-to-market losses occur when the value of an asset falls from one day to the next. A mark-to-market loss is unrealized since it only reflects the change in valuation of asset, not any capital losses associated with the sale of an asset for less than its purchase price. The loss happens when the value of the asset or security in question is adjusted to reflect its new market value.

Mark-to-Market Losses During Crises

Mark-to-market losses can be amplified during a financial crisis when it’s difficult to accurately determine the fair market value of an asset or security. When the stock market crashed in 1929, for instance, banks were moved to devalue assets based on mark-to-market accounting rules. Unfortunately, this helped turn what could have been a temporary recession into the Great Depression, one of the most significant economic events in stock market history.

Mark to Market Losses in 2008-09

As noted above, during the 2008 financial crisis mark-to-market accounting practices were a target of criticism as the market for mortgage-backed securities vanished, and the value of those securities took a nosedive — contributing to the Great Recession.

In 2009, however, the FASB changed its stance on market-to-market practices for certain securities, specifically allowing banks greater flexibility in how they valued illiquid assets like mortgage-backed securities.

The Takeaway

Mark to market is, as discussed, an accounting method that’s used to calculate the current or real value of a company’s assets and liabilities. Mark to market is a helpful principle to understand, especially if you’re interested in futures trading.

When trading futures or trading on margin, it’s important to understand how mark-to-market calculations could affect your returns, and your potential to be subject to a margin call. As always, in more complex financial circumstances, it can be beneficial to speak with a financial professional for guidance.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is mark-to-market accounting legal?

Mark-to-market accounting is a legal accounting practice, and is overseen by the FASB. Though it has been used in the past to cover financial losses, it remains a legal and viable method.

Is mark-to-market accounting still used?

Yes, mark-to-market accounting is still used both by businesses and individuals for investments and personal finance needs. In some sectors of the economy, it may even remain as one of the primary accounting methods.

What are mark-to-market losses?

Mark-to-market losses are losses incurred under mark-to-market accounting, when the value of an asset declines, not when it is sold for less than it was purchased.

Photo credit: iStock/Drazen_

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.

Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or clicking the prospectus link on the fund's respective page at sofi.com. You may also contact customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risk, include the risk of loss. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

SOIN-Q325-101

Read more
Oct
09
2025
What Is a Fiat Wallet & How Does It Work?

Understanding Fiat Wallets in the Digital Finance Landscape

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Understanding Fiat Wallets in the Digital Finance Landscape

The way we handle money is quickly changing. With the rise of apps, online platforms, and cryptocurrencies, people now have more ways than ever to store and move their funds. One tool gaining attention in this evolution is the fiat wallet — a digital wallet that allows you to store fiat currencies (traditional money like U.S. dollars or euros) and easily convert between fiat and crypto.

Fiat wallets are gaining traction due to their vital role as a bridge between traditional banking and the cryptocurrency ecosystem. What follows is a closer look at what fiat wallets are, how they compare to bank accounts and crypto wallets, their benefits and drawbacks, and where they may fit in the future of money.

Key Points

•  Fiat wallets store, send, and receive traditional currencies, facilitating crypto conversions.

•  Integration with exchanges enables quick and seamless fiat-to-crypto transactions.

•  Fiat wallets provide a bridge between bank accounts and crypto wallets.

•  Benefits include fast trading access, convenience, and lower fees.

•  Drawbacks involve limited regulation, withdrawal limits, and security risks.

What Is a Fiat Wallet?

A fiat wallet is a digital account for storing, sending, and receiving fiat currencies. In addition, fiat wallets are typically integrated into cryptocurrency exchanges. This allows you to easily convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency and vice versa, offering a seamless transition between traditional and digital assets.

Fiat currency is money declared legal tender by a government. It is not backed by a physical commodity like gold or silver but instead derives its value from the trust and confidence people have in the issuing government and its economy. The U.S. dollar is one example of fiat currency; the euro is another.

Fiat Wallets vs. Traditional Bank Accounts

While traditional bank accounts and fiat wallets both hold government issued currency, they serve different purposes.

•   Traditional bank accounts: Operate within the established financial system, offering services like debit cards, check, savings options, and loans. They are regulated, secure, and designed primarily for everyday banking needs. Transfers, however, can be slow — especially when moving money across borders.

•   Fiat wallets: Typically found within crypto exchanges and platforms, fiat wallets are designed for speed and direct integration with digital asset markets. They don’t replace a bank account but act as a staging area where users can deposit cash and instantly use it to buy or sell cryptocurrencies. This makes them less about long-term money management and more about quick access to funds in a digital transaction environment.

Key Differences Between Fiat and Crypto Wallets

A crypto wallet is a holding place for cryptocurrency keys. These keys are passwords that allow you to access and manage various cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Crypto wallets may be physical, meaning you write your keys down on paper or store it on a hard drive, or you may store your keys digitally. Whatever method you choose, your crypto itself remains on the blockchain.[1]

By contrast, fiat wallets only hold traditional, government-issued money (like USD, GBP, or EUR). You can link your fiat wallet to a traditional bank account and use the funds in your fiat wallet to interact with cryptocurrency platforms. This allows you to make seamless transitions between traditional and digital assets.

Here’s a look at fiat wallets vs. crypto wallets side by side:

Fiat Wallet Crypto Wallet
What they Hold Fiat currency Cryptocurrency keys
Storage Format Digital Physical or digital
Transaction Process Use traditional banking networks Operate on blockchain networks
Regulatory framework Subject to traditional banking regulations Operate under evolving crypto regulations
Designed For Completing financial transactions in fiat currency, which can include buying digital assets Buying, holding, and transferring crypto

Common Use Cases for Fiat Wallets

Fiat wallets are commonly used as a holding place for fiat currencies before purchasing crypto or after selling digital assets. They are often integrated into or used alongside crypto platforms to facilitate the conversion of traditional currency into digital assets and vice versa.

Here’s how the process typically works:

•   Create a fiat wallet on your chosen platform by providing personal information and ID verification

•   Create a link to your bank account, debit card, or credit card.

•   Deposit money to your fiat wallet using your connected bank account or card.

•   If necessary, link your fiat wallet to your preferred crypto platform and establish a crypto wallet.

•   Follow the platform’s instructions to buy cryptocurrency coins using the money in your fiat wallet.

Once again, the cryptocurrency you buy is stored on the blockchain; the key you need to unlock it is held in your separate crypto wallet.

To sell your cryptocurrency, you would follow the crypto platform’s instructions. The proceeds from the sale are deposited into your fiat wallet. You can then transfer that money to your linked bank account or use it to buy a different coin.

Crypto is
back at SoFi.

SoFi Crypto is the first and only national chartered bank where retail customers can buy, sell, and hold 25+ cryptocurrencies.

Benefits of Using a Fiat Wallet

Using a fiat wallet can offer a number of advantages. Here are some to consider:

Fast Access to Funds for Trading

In digital markets, timing can be everything. Fiat wallets allow near-instant transfers within digital platforms. That can be particularly helpful for capturing sudden “dips” in volatile crypto markets, where waiting for a traditional bank transfer to clear can take several days and cause you to miss an opportunity.

Seamless Exchange Between Fiat and Crypto

Fiat wallets make it simple to switch between government-issued money and digital assets without extra steps. Instead of moving funds through banks each time you want to trade, you can deposit once into your wallet and quickly convert between fiat and crypto as market conditions change.

Enhanced Convenience and User Experience

Fiat wallets can enhance user experience in a number of ways:

•   They offer a simple interface for managing transactions.

•   Many are already integrated into major crypto exchanges.

•   They allow for quick withdrawals back to a linked account.

•   They provide access to your money at any time and from anywhere.

Potential Cost Savings

Fiat wallets may reduce costs by charging lower transaction fees (compared to repeated bank transfers) and avoiding multiple intermediary steps in the crypto buying and selling process. They may also allow you to avoid currency exchange fees.

Drawbacks to Fiat Wallets

While the benefits are compelling, fiat wallets are not without risks. Here are some to keep in mind:

•   Limited regulation: Not all providers of fiat wallets are regulated like banks, potentially exposing users to risk if a platform fails.

•   Withdrawal limits: Some fiat wallets set caps on deposits, withdrawals, or transactions, which may be frustrating to high-volume users.

•   Platform dependency: Unlike a bank account, a fiat wallet usually ties users to a single platform or cryptocurrency exchange.

•   Security risks: Although providers invest in encryption, cyberattacks and breaches are possible.

How to Choose a Trustworthy Fiat Wallet Provider

Here are some key factors to consider for when choosing a fiat wallet for cryptocurrency:

•   Reputation: Consider established exchanges and fintech companies that are known for reliability and safety.

•   Convenience: Make sure the wallet supports your local currency, accepts your desired payment method, and offers integration with your preferred crypto exchange.

•   Security infrastructure: Look for a wallet that offers strong security features like two-factor and biometric authentication and conducts regular security audits.

•   User experience: A clean, intuitive interface can make regular use much easier.

•   Speed and efficiency: Some wallets may complete transactions at a faster pace than others, offering virtually instant access to funds. That may be important if you want to keep delays to a minimum.

•   Cost: Be aware of any fees you might pay to use a fiat wallet, including monthly or yearly subscription fees, transaction fees, or currency conversion fees.

The Future of Fiat Wallets in Digital Finance

Growing interest in cryptocurrency and digital assets underscores the importance of fiat wallets and their usefulness in connecting centralized vs. decentralized finance. We’ll likely see greater integration between fiat wallets and cryptocurrencies in the coming years as fintech companies continue to challenge the traditional banking narrative.

Trends and Innovations in Fiat Wallet Technology

Here’s a look at some continuing and emerging trends in the fiat wallet ecosystem:

•   Use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to detect potentially fraudulent activity

•   Biometrics and the use of fingerprint or facial ID to unlock fiat wallets

•   Integration into a broader range of crypto and financial platforms

•   Increased focus on user-friendly interfaces and mobile compatibility

•   Improved regulatory clarity and enforcement, helping to legitimize the crypto industry.

The fiat and crypto wallet market was valued at roughly 1.17 billion in 2024 and is expected to grow to $4.68 billion by 2033, suggesting that more people will turn to both technologies for their financial needs. That may spur even greater demand for tech innovation.

Evolving Role in the Crypto Ecosystem

In the crypto world, fiat wallets are more than just on- and off-ramps — they represent the meeting point between traditional and decentralized finance (DeFi). As regulation surrounding cryptocurrency increases and adoption grows, fiat wallets may serve as the backbone for compliant, mainstream participation in the cryptocurrency universe.

The Takeaway

Fiat wallets are a niche tool that enables users to easily convert fiat to cryptocurrency and vice-versa through crypto exchanges. As technology evolves, they are likely to become an increasingly important link between traditional banking and digital assets.

For anyone exploring the digital economy, understanding how these wallets work can make it easier to move confidently between the traditional financial system of bank accounts and government-backed money and the emerging world of cryptocurrency.

SoFi Crypto is back. SoFi members can now buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies on a platform with the safeguards of a bank. Access 25+ cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, with the first national chartered bank to offer crypto trading. Now you can manage your banking, investing, borrowing, and crypto all in one place, giving you more control over your money.


Learn more about crypto trading with SoFi.

FAQ

Are fiat wallets safe to use?

Fiat wallets are generally safe when provided by reputable financial institutions or regulated platforms. They typically use encryption, two-factor authentication (2FA), and other security measures to protect your funds. However, safety also depends on user practices, such as keeping login details secure and avoiding public Wi-Fi for transactions. Always choose wallets with a strong track record of safety and positive reviews.

How do I deposit money into my fiat wallet?

Depositing money into a fiat wallet is usually straightforward. Wallets typically allow transfers via bank accounts, debit/credit cards, or even payment apps. To deposit money, you typically need to log into your wallet, select “Deposit” or “Add Funds,” choose your preferred payment method, enter the amount, and confirm the transaction. The funds should appear in your wallet within minutes to a few business days, depending on the method and your bank.

Can I withdraw money from a fiat wallet to my bank account?

Yes, you can typically withdraw money from a fiat wallet and deposit it into your bank account via electronic transfer. The process usually involves linking your bank account to the wallet, initiating a withdrawal by specifying the amount and destination, and completing any required security verifications. Keep in mind that transfers may take several business days to process.

Can I use a fiat wallet to buy cryptocurrency?

Yes, fiat wallets are commonly used to buy cryptocurrency and are often already integrated with a crypto platform. Buying crypto is often as simple as selecting a cryptocurrency, choosing your fiat wallet as the payment method, and tapping “Buy.” To complete the transaction, you may need to confirm it with a passcode or biometric verification.

Can I convert crypto to cash with a fiat wallet?

Yes, many fiat wallets allow you to convert cryptocurrency to cash. This process usually involves selling your crypto through a connected exchange, then transferring the resulting fiat currency to your wallet. Once the funds are in your fiat wallet, you can withdraw them to your bank account.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

Article Sources
  1. CT.gov. Digital Wallets.

Photo credit: iStock/tommaso79

CRYPTOCURRENCY AND OTHER DIGITAL ASSETS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE


Cryptocurrency and other digital assets are highly speculative, involve significant risk, and may result in the complete loss of value. Cryptocurrency and other digital assets are not deposits, are not insured by the FDIC or SIPC, are not bank guaranteed, and may lose value.

All cryptocurrency transactions, once submitted to the blockchain, are final and irreversible. SoFi is not responsible for any failure or delay in processing a transaction resulting from factors beyond its reasonable control, including blockchain network congestion, protocol or network operations, or incorrect address information. Availability of specific digital assets, features, and services is subject to change and may be limited by applicable law and regulation.

SoFi Crypto products and services are offered by SoFi Bank, N.A., a national bank regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. SoFi Bank does not provide investment, tax, or legal advice. Please refer to the SoFi Crypto account agreement for additional terms and conditions.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOCRYP-Q325-087

Read more
Oct
09
2025
Bitcoin Price History: Price of Bitcoin 2009 - 2021

Bitcoin Price History: 2009 – 2025

By | Cryptocurrency, Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Bitcoin Price History: 2009 – 2025
This article is part of a series looking at the price histories of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana. Understanding the past price movements and evolution of major cryptocurrencies can provide key insights into their potential strengths, weaknesses, and broader role within the crypto market.

Analyzing key trends, such their potential for high volatility or reaction to events, may also help crypto buyers and sellers manage expectations and choose strategies that align with their goals. While past performance does not guarantee future results, it may provide important context for making informed decisions and managing risk.

As the most widely recognized and adopted cryptocurrency, Bitcoin’s price can in many ways serve as a barometer for the health of the entire crypto market. With the highest market cap of all cryptocurrencies by a wide margin, it has the potential to lift the prices of other cryptocurrencies in the wake of its own price increases, and likewise pull broader market prices down when its own numbers fall.

The price of Bitcoin (BTC) has been on a wild ride since it launched over 14 years ago, on January 3, 2009. Those who bought Bitcoin early have seen its price rise significantly, surpassing $124,000 for a brief moment in mid-2025, following a steep decline in 2023. However, the fluctuations in Bitcoin’s price — as with all forms of crypto — have also led to considerable losses.[1]

A review of Bitcoin price history shows plenty of ups and some significant downs, but despite the risks, crypto fans continue to seek it out. Like other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin’s price is largely driven by sentiment, and those who buy in must be comfortable with the elevated risk that buying and selling crypto entails.

Key Points

•  Bitcoin’s price is a key indicator for the broader crypto market.

•  Bitcoin’s price has fluctuated significantly over time, reaching over $124,000 in mid-2025.

•  “Halving” events occur every four years cutting the number of newly minted coins rewarded to miners in half.

•  Major price surges occurred at different points in time due to factors such as halving events, public reaction to Covid-19, and institutional adoption.

•  Crashes (Crypto Winters) have also occurred as a result of inflation concerns, regulatory impacts, and events such as the failure of crypto exchange FTX.

🛈 While SoFi members may be able to buy, sell, and hold a selection of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Solana, and Ethereum, other cryptocurrencies mentioned may not be offered by SoFi.

Bitcoin Price History Over the Years

A glance at the Bitcoin historical price chart illustrates the cryptocurrency’s steep rise since its inception. It’s equally clear that the path to Bitcoin’s current price has not always been a smooth one, and that it may continue to see fluctuations over time.

While some enjoy comparing Bitcoin’s price history to past speculative manias like Beanie Babies circa 1995 (or the infamous tulip bubble circa 1636), speculation is only one factor in any given Bitcoin price fluctuation.

Over the years, one pattern can be seen in Bitcoin’s prices. Every four years, the network undergoes a change called “the halving,” where the supply of new BTC rewarded to Bitcoin miners gets cut in half. This has happened four times so far:

•   2012: 50 BTC to 25 BTC

•   2016: 25 BTC to 12.5 BTC

•   2020: 12.5 BTC to 6.25 BTC

•   2024: 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC2

The next Bitcoin halving is set to occur in March or April of 2028.

In each instance, the price of BTC reached new record highs in the year or so following each halving event. This was typically followed by a Bitcoin bear market. After a period of consolidation, the price then tended to move upwards again in advance of the next halving, though there’s no guarantee that this may occur in the future.

While the price of BTC can hardly be considered predictable, it’s useful to view the chapters in the Bitcoin price history and what it may mean for potential buyers, sellers, and holders.

Bitcoin Price History by Year (2014-2025)

Year High Low
2025 $124,457.12 $74,436.68
2024 $108,268.45 $38,521.89
2023 $44,705.52 $16,521.23
2022 $48,086.84 $15,599.05
2021 $68,789.63 $28,722.76
2020 $29,244.88 $4,106.98
2019 $13,796.49 $3,391.02
2018 $17,712.40 $3,191.30
2017 $20,089.00 $755.76
2016 $979.40 $354.91
2015 $495.56 $171.51
2014 $1,007.06 $279.21

Source: Yahoo Finance, CoinDesk

Bitcoin Price 2009-2012: $0 to $13.50

Early Bitcoin price history shows relatively modest growth. As buzz around Bitcoin grew, more crypto-curious individuals began to pay attention to this seemingly novel idea and its potential as a serious vehicle for growth.

2009: $0

On October 31, 2008, the pseudonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper. This paper introduced a peer-to-peer digital cash system based on a new form of distributed ledger technology called blockchain.

Then, on January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin network went live with the mining of the genesis block, which allowed the first group of transactions to begin a blockchain. This block contained a text note that read: “Chancellor on Brink of Second Bailout for Banks.” This referenced an article in The London Times about the financial crisis of 2008 – 2009, when commercial banks received trillions in bailout money from central banks and governments. This event helped mark Bitcoin’s original price at $0.

For this reason and others, many suspect that Nakamoto created Bitcoin, at least in part, in response to the way the events of those years played out.

Crypto is
back at SoFi.

SoFi Crypto is the first and only national chartered bank where retail customers can buy, sell, and hold 25+ cryptocurrencies.

2010: $0.00099 to $0.30

Bitcoin’s price increased nominally for most of 2010, never surpassing the $1 mark. The first recorded price at which Bitcoin was exchanged was equivalent to roughly one-tenth of a cent, and the year closed with a price near $0.30. The first notable price jump would not be far off, however.

2011 – 2012: $1 to $13.50

Real adoption of Bitcoin began to take place about two years after it was first introduced, and a major Bitcoin price surge happened for the first time.

In 2011, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) accepted BTC for donations for a few months, but quickly backtracked due to a lack of a legal framework for virtual currencies.

In February of 2011, BTC reached $1.00 for the first time, achieving parity with the U.S. dollar. Months later, the price of BTC reached $10 and then quickly soared to $30 on the Mt. Gox exchange. Bitcoin had risen 100x from the year’s starting price of about $0.30.

By year’s end, though, the price of Bitcoin was under $5. No one can say for sure exactly why the price behaved as it did, especially back when the technology was so new. It could be that 2011 marked the launch of Litecoin, a fork of the Bitcoin blockchain — and other forms of crypto began to emerge as well — signaling greater competition.

In 2012, of course, Bitcoin saw its first halving, from a 50-coin reward for mining BTC to 25 coins. This set the stage for its precipitous growth. But the pattern of an 80% – 90% correction from record highs would continue to repeat itself going forward, even as much more Bitcoin liquidity would come into being.

Recommended: Is Crypto Mining Still Worth It in 2025?

2013 – 2016: $13 to $1,000

The period between 2013 and 2016 would mark the beginning of Bitcoin’s ascension as a cryptocurrency to be taken seriously. Pricing increased dramatically during this time, as more people began to take notice of Bitcoin’s potential.

2013: $13 to $1,193

In 2013, the EFF began accepting Bitcoin again, and this was the strongest year in Bitcoin price history in terms of percentage gains. Starting at $13 in the beginning of the year, the price of Bitcoin rose to almost $250 in April before correcting downward by over 50%. The price consolidated for about six months until another historic rally in November and December of that year, when the price hit $1,193.

This increase saw Bitcoin’s market cap exceed $1 billion for the first time ever. The world’s first Bitcoin ATM was also installed in Vancouver, allowing people to convert cash into crypto.

While the price spiked above $1,000 again briefly in January 2014, it would be nearly three years before the Bitcoin price would reach four digits again.

Amidst all this volatility was a surge in crypto interest, with Dogecoin being one of the more notable coins to emerge at that time. Though considered a meme coin, Dogecoin still exists.

2014 – 2015: $760 to $430

While the cryptoverse quietly exploded in this time period, with technological innovations that permitted a move away from proof-of-work to the less resource-intensive proof-of-stake, as well as the emergence of smart contracts, and the real foundations of decentralized finance — Bitcoin was relatively quiet.

While 2014 opened at about $760, the price overall held steady in the $200 to $500 range for much of this time, briefly dipping below $200 in January and August of 2015. Bitcoin closed out 2015 at $430, marking a period of overall price stability. The official B symbol that has come to be associated with Bitcoin was adopted in November of that year.

2016: $430 to $960

In 2016, Bitcoin halved for a second time, prompting a notable jump in prices by year’s end. January ended the month with a closing price of $368, but by December, Bitcoin’s price had almost reached $1,000. A slight dip in pricing occurred around August, but for the most part, the cryptocurrency saw a steady and consistent rise in price.

2017 – 2019: $960 to $7,200

Between 2017 and 2019, Bitcoin would dazzle crypto watchers with big price leaps, but the outlook was not entirely rosy during this period. In 2018, a major crash would deliver a blow to BTC’s price and raise questions about the stability of cryptocurrency markets as a whole.

2017: $960 to $20,000

The Bitcoin price in 2017 breached the $1,100 mark in January, a new record at the time — following the Bitcoin halving in July of 2016. By December, the price had soared to nearly $20,000. That’s a 20x rise in less than 12 months, and it was followed predictably by a decline through 2018 and 2019. Bitcoin wouldn’t see the other side of $20,000 until late 2020.

Like the 2013 price surge, the 2017 rally occurred about one year after the halving. What made this time different was that for the first time ever, the general public became more aware of cryptocurrency. Mainstream news outlets began covering stories relating to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This price rise largely reflected retail buyers entering the market for the first time.

Opinions on Bitcoin ranged from thinking it was a scam to believing it was the greatest thing ever. For the believers, this was an opportunity for many to purchase Bitcoin for the first time, but there’s little doubt that the influx of retail interest in the crypto markets contributed heavily to volatility across the board.

2018: $14,000 to $3,700

The year 2018 was an unpredictable one for Bitcoin pricing. Following a relatively strong start in January, with prices closing above $10,000, the cryptocurrency ended the year at $3,742. This period stands out as one of the most significant cryptocurrency crashes, affecting not only Bitcoin but more than 90 other digital currencies that had arisen.

Bitcoin’s decline during this period was attributed to numerous factors, including the launch of several new crypto offerings that quickly fizzled, which triggered fear in the markets.

Apart from these concerns were rumors that South Korea was contemplating banning cryptocurrency, and the hacking of Coincheck, Japan’s largest OTC cryptocurrency exchange network. Combined, these factors created a perfect storm for price drops and criticism of Bitcoin from none other than Warren Buffett, who characterized it as “rat poison squared”.

2019: $3,700 to $7,200

Bitcoin began to see some recovery in 2019, though it was initially slow going. For most of the first quarter, Bitcoin’s price hovered between $3,500 and $5,000, before a surge in June of that year that tipped its price above $13,000.

June saw the cryptocurrency’s price rise above $10,000 again, and Bitcoin held steady throughout July. By August, the tide had begun to turn, and the remainder of the year saw a gradual slide in pricing. In December 2019, Bitcoin closed at $7,193, still well above its January price point but far from the highs reached in 2017.

The next big test of Bitcoin’s strength in the crypto markets would come in 2020, with the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020 – 2025: $7,200 to $124,000

The period from 2020 to 2025 would see Bitcoin prices reach their highest levels yet — and one of the worst crashes in the cryptocurrency’s history. Against mounting pressure, Bitcoin would continue to attract new buyers hoping to get exposure to the crypto market.

2020: $7,200 to $29,000

The crypto feeding frenzy was well underway by the end of 2019, with hundreds of new coins on the market. By January 3, 2020, Bitcoin’s price was $7,347 and rising steadily for the most part. As the halving in May of 2020 approached, Bitcoin’s price shot north of $9,100, nearly a 25% increase in just a few months.

But that was just the start of a meteoric rise — and fall — for BTC that few will forget, and a phase of Bitcoin’s story that many tie to the pandemic. With millions of people worldwide confined at home from 2020 through 2021 (in some cases longer), online speculation became a widespread phenomenon. One offshoot of that may have been the biggest Bitcoin bull market to date.

2021: $29,000 to $69,000

In August 2021, the price of Bitcoin was hovering around $46,000, and by November 2021 BTC hit its all-time best over $68,500.

Toward the end of 2021, however, the Bitcoin hash rate, a factor thought to have some correlation to the Bitcoin price, plummeted to around $47,000 — a loss of close to 30%.

The price drop occurred partly as a result of China requiring its citizens to shut down Bitcoin mining operations. The country previously housed a significant portion of the network’s mining nodes. As a result, these computers had to go offline. Many believe this reduction in mining capacity was a key factor weighing on the Bitcoin price.

In addition, politicians and regulators raised concerns about the future of crypto laws and regulations, adding to the general mood that crypto mavens refer to as FUD (fear, uncertainty, doubt) — one of many crypto slang terms now in wider use.

But as 2021 shifted into 2022, the specter of inflation — in addition to the global energy crisis and geopolitical turmoil thanks to Russia’s war on Ukraine — put a drag on the price of BTC and just about every other major crypto.

2022: $47,000 to $16,5000

From January 2022 through May, Bitcoin’s price continued to sag as the Crypto Winter officially took hold. By May, BTC dipped under $30,000 for the first time since July of 2021. June would see Bitcoin’s price move even lower, dropping to $17,708 at its lowest point that month.

What Is a Crypto Winter?

Unlike a bear market, a crypto winter doesn’t have specific parameters or criteria. But, similar to a bear market, it does mark a period of steady and sometimes precipitous losses that pervade the crypto markets as a whole.

Crypto Struggles in the Face of Crises

This downward trend proved to be the case as crypto prices overall declined through Q2 — partly affected by the collapse of stablecoins like TerraUSD and Luna. In June, Bitcoin fell below $20,000.

Crypto prices struggled through Q3 of 2022, and took another hit in November 2022, thanks to the sudden failure of crypto exchange FTX.

The exchange crashed amid a liquidity crunch and allegations of misused funds by its CEO, Sam Blankman Fried. A bailout by Binance was possible, but the deal fell through because of FTX’s troubled finances and implications of fraud.

The rapid downfall of FTX shocked the financial industry, and the crash had a massive ripple effect throughout the crypto market, affecting consumer confidence. Widespread worries about inflation, as well as steady interest rate hikes, affected broader markets. Bitcoin’s price continued to be a gauge of overall crypto health in many ways, plunging below $20,000 by the end of December, 2022.

2023: $16,500 to $44,000

January 2023 saw Bitcoin’s price increase to around $23,300, sparking hopes that the crypto winter had begun to thaw. Meanwhile, other cryptocurrencies began showing similar price patterns in Q1.

The rest of 2023 proved to be fruitful for those who were able to hold on through the crypto winter. At mid-year, Bitcoin’s price had topped $30,000 once again, and while there were some slight declines, the crypto finished the year strong. By December 2023, Bitcoin’s price notched a high of $44,705, before closing the year just above $42,000.

2024: $42,000 to $100,000+

Bitcoin would hit new benchmarks in 2024, breaking the $100,000 mark for the first time. In January of that year, the SEC would allow Bitcoin to be accessed via exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which led to the addition of several new funds to the market.

The introduction of physical Bitcoin ETFs brought major price increases, as crypto users rushed to buy shares. Bitcoin’s price surged to $63,913 in February 2024, then to $73,750 in March.

After this peak, prices would decline slightly, hovering between $65,000 and $73,000 for most of the year. In November, Bitcoin’s price brushed $100,000, before finally surging past that figure in December. That month, it reached $108,268, ending the year at $93,429.

2025: $94,000 to $124,000

Building off the momentum of 2024, Bitcoin has continued to push toward new heights for much of 2025. Despite some dips in the first quarter, the cryptocurrency reached its highest price ever in mid-August, cresting $124,457. The price fell back slightly to below $110,000 later that month.

Part of the increase can be attributed to ongoing interest in Bitcoin ETFs, which offer exposure to cryptocurrency without having to buy individual coins. Market sentiment has also moved in a more positive direction this year, thanks in part to the current administration’s stance on cryptocurrency.

In July 2025, U.S. securities regulators announced plans to modernize crypto rulemaking, which could pave the way for further innovation in the digital currency space. Dubbed “Project Crypto”, it would make a major shift in the market and potentially make the U.S. a leader in the cryptocurrency market. What that might mean for Bitcoin pricing going forward remains to be seen.

The Takeaway

Bitcoin’s historical price records are a mix of surges and setbacks, but even through crashes, it’s continued to attract interest from buyers and sellers.

As the oldest and still the largest form of crypto, BTC has gone from being worth a fraction of a penny to about $110,000 in mid-2025, which is nothing short of impressive. However, cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, and past performance doesn’t guarantee future results.

SoFi Crypto is back. SoFi members can now buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies on a platform with the safeguards of a bank. Access 25+ cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, with the first national chartered bank to offer crypto trading. Now you can manage your banking, investing, borrowing, and crypto all in one place, giving you more control over your money.


Learn more about crypto trading with SoFi.

FAQ

What was the highest price Bitcoin has ever reached?

Bitcoin reached its highest price in mid-August 2025, when it was briefly valued at $124,457. As of late August 2025, the price held above $110,000.

When was Bitcoin worth $1?

Bitcoin reached $1 in early 2011, after hovering around the $0.30 to $0.40 mark for most of 2010. In mid-2011, the price jumped to $30 before tapering off to around $2 to close out the year.

What was the original price of Bitcoin?

The first recorded price of Bitcoin was $0.00099. This price was notched in 2009, when a BitcoinTalk forum member exchanged 5050 Bitcoin with another forum member for $5.02 through PayPal.

If you bought $1,000 in Bitcoin 10 years ago, how much would it be worth today?

If you bought $1,000 in Bitcoin 10 years ago, in 2015, your Bitcoin would be worth approximately $405,000, as of August 2025. That would equate to a 40,425% rate of return on your money.

How many times has Bitcoin “crashed”?

Historically, Bitcoin has crashed nearly a dozen times, with some of the most notable crashes occurring in June 2011, April 2013, and December 2017. Bitcoin crashes occur when there are extreme price fluctuations that cause sharp declines. These fluctuations may be driven by market speculation, regulatory concerns, and macroeconomic factors, such as talk of interest rate hikes or rising inflation.

What is the significance of the Bitcoin halving?

Bitcoin halving is designed to reduce the supply of new Bitcoins entering the market. Halving occurs every four years and cuts the number of new coins created by 50%. The theory behind halving is that scarcity should lead to price appreciation if demand for Bitcoin remains high.

About the author

Brian Nibley

Brian Nibley

Brian Nibley is a freelance writer, author, and investor who has been covering the cryptocurrency space since 2017. His work has appeared in publications such as MSN Money, Blockworks, Business Insider, Cointelegraph, Finance Magnates, and Newsweek. Read full bio.

Article Sources
  1. Coindesk. Bitcoin Price (BTC).

Photo credit: iStock/simarik

CRYPTOCURRENCY AND OTHER DIGITAL ASSETS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE


Cryptocurrency and other digital assets are highly speculative, involve significant risk, and may result in the complete loss of value. Cryptocurrency and other digital assets are not deposits, are not insured by the FDIC or SIPC, are not bank guaranteed, and may lose value.

All cryptocurrency transactions, once submitted to the blockchain, are final and irreversible. SoFi is not responsible for any failure or delay in processing a transaction resulting from factors beyond its reasonable control, including blockchain network congestion, protocol or network operations, or incorrect address information. Availability of specific digital assets, features, and services is subject to change and may be limited by applicable law and regulation.

SoFi Crypto products and services are offered by SoFi Bank, N.A., a national bank regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. SoFi Bank does not provide investment, tax, or legal advice. Please refer to the SoFi Crypto account agreement for additional terms and conditions.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

SOCRYP-Q325-045

Read more
Oct
01
2025
How to Read a Financial Statements: The Basics

How to Read Financial Statements: The Basics

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on How to Read Financial Statements: The Basics

A company’s financial statements are like a report card that tells investors how much money a company has made, what it spends on, and how much money it currently has.

Knowing how to read a financial statement and understand the key performance indicators it includes is essential for evaluating a company. Any investor conducting fundamental analysis will pull much of the information they need from past and present financial statements when valuing a stock and deciding whether to buy it.

Each publicly traded company in the United States is required to produce a set of financial statements every quarter. These include a balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. In addition, companies produce an annual report. These statements tell a fairly complete story about a company’s financial health.

Key Points

•  Financial statements serve as a report card, reflecting a company’s financial health.

•  Balance sheets outline assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity.

•  Income statements itemize revenue, expenses, and net income.

•  Cash flow statements monitor cash inflows and outflows.

•  Annual reports and 10-Ks offer extensive insights and management analysis.

Understanding Each Section of a Financial Statement

Along with a company’s earnings call, reading financial statements can give investors clues about whether or not it’s a good idea to invest in a given company.

Here’s what the different sections of a financial statement consist of.

Balance Sheet

A company’s balance sheet is a ledger that shows its assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a given point in time. Assets are anything the company owns with quantifiable value. This includes tangible items, such as real estate, equipment, and inventory, as well as intangible items like patents and trademarks. The cash and investments a company holds are also considered assets.

On the other side of the balance sheet are liabilities, or the debts a company owes, including rent, taxes, outstanding payroll expenses and money owed to vendors. When liabilities are subtracted from assets, the result is shareholder value, or owner equity. This figure is also known as book value and represents the amount of money that would be left over if a company shut down, sold all its assets, and paid off its debt. This money belongs to shareholders, whether public or private.

Income Statement

The income statement, also known as the profit and loss (P&L) statement, shows a detailed breakdown of a company’s financial performance over a given period. It’s a summary of how much a company earned, spent, and lost during that time. The top of the statement shows revenue, or how much money a company has made selling goods or providing services.

The income statement subtracts the costs associated with running the business from revenue. These include expenses, costs of goods sold, and asset depreciation. A company’s revenues less its costs are its bottom-line earnings.

The income statement also provides information about net income, earnings per share, and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA).

💡 Quick Tip: The best stock trading app? That’s a personal preference, of course. Generally speaking, though, an effective app is one with an intuitive interface and powerful features to help make trades quickly and easily.

Cash Flow Statement

A cash flow statement is a detailed view of what has happened with regards to a business’ cash over the accounting period. Cash flow refers to the money that’s flowing in and out of a company, and it is not the same as profit. A company’s profit is the money left over after expenses have been subtracted from revenue. The cash flow statement is broken down into three sections:

•  Cash flow from operating activities is cash generated by the regular sale of a company’s goods and services.

•  Cash flow from investment activity usually comes from buying or selling assets using cash, not debt.

•  Cash flow from financing activity details cash flow that comes from debt and equity financing.

At established companies, investors typically look for cash flow from operating activities to be greater than net income. This positive cash flow may indicate that a company is financially stable and has the ability to grow.

Annual Report and 10-K

Public companies must publish an annual report to shareholders detailing their operations and financial conditions. Look for an annual report to include the following:

•  A letter from the company’s CEO that gives investors insight into the company’s mission, goals, and achievements. There may be other letters from key company officials, such as the CFO.

•  Audited financial statements that describe financial performance. This is where you might find a balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. A summary of financial data may provide notes or discussion of financial statements.

•  The auditor’s report lets investors know whether the company complied with generally accepted accounting principles as they prepared their financial statements.

•  Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A).

In addition, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires companies to produce a 10-K report that offers even greater detail and insight into a company’s current status and where it hopes to go.

The annual report and 10-K are not the same thing. They share similar data, but 10-Ks tend to be longer and denser. The 10-K must include complete descriptions of financial activities. It must outline corporate agreements, an evaluation of risks and opportunities, current operations, executive compensation and market activity. They must be filed with the SEC 60 to 90 days after the company’s fiscal year ends.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)

The management’s discussion and analysis provides context for the financial statements. It’s a chance for company management to provide information they feel investors should have to understand the company’s financial statements, condition, and how that condition has changed or might change in the future. The MD&A also discloses trends, events and risks that might have an impact on the financial information the company reports.

Footnotes

It can be really tempting to skip footnotes as you read financial statements, but they can reveal important clues about a company’s financial health. Footnotes can help explain how a company’s accountants arrived at certain figures and help explain anything that looks irregular or inconsistent with previous statements.

💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

Financial Statement Ratios and Calculations

Financial statements can be the source of important ratios investors use for fundamental analysis. Here’s a look at some common examples:

Debt-to-equity

To calculate debt-to-equity, divide total liabilities by shareholder equity. It shows investors whether the debt a company uses to fund its operation is tilted toward debt or equity financing. For example, a debt-to-equity ratio of 2:1 suggests that the company takes on twice as much debt as shareholders invest in the company.

Price-to-earnings (P/E)

Calculate price-to-earnings by dividing a company’s stock price by its earnings per share. This ratio gives investors a sense of the value of a company. Higher P/E suggests that investors expect continued growth in earnings, but a P/E that’s too high could indicate that a stock is overvalued compared to its earnings.

Return on equity (ROE)

Calculated by dividing net income by shareholder’s equity, return on equity (ROE) shows investors how efficiently a company uses its equity to turn a profit.

Earnings Per Share

Calculate earnings per share by dividing net earnings by total outstanding shares to understand the amount of income earned for each outstanding share.

Current Ratio

This metric measures a company’s abilities to pay off its short-term liabilities with its current assets. Find it by dividing current assets by current liabilities.

Asset Turnover

Used to measure how well a company is using its assets to generate revenue, you can calculate asset turnover by dividing net sales by average total assets.

The Takeaway

The financial statements that a company provides are all related to one another. For instance, the income statement reflects information from the balance sheet, while cash flow statements can tell you more about the cash on the balance sheet.

Understanding financial statements can give you clues that could help you determine whether a stock is a good value and whether it makes sense to buy or sell.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.


Opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.¹

FAQ

What does a financial statement tell investors?

There are various types of financial statements, but what they tend to tell investors is how a company is performing in relation to its financial health and key indicators.

What are some examples of financial statements?

Financial statements can include balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and annual reports, among other things.

What does a balance sheet include?

Balance sheet is more or less a ledger that shows a company’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a given point in time.

Photo credit: iStock/Traimak_Ivan

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.


¹Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.026%; If you don’t make a selection in 45 days, you’ll no longer qualify for the promo. Customer must fund their account with a minimum of $50.00 to qualify. Probability percentage is subject to decrease. See full terms and conditions.

SOIN-Q325-122

Read more
Oct
01
2025
Is Inflation a Good or Bad Thing for Consumers?

Is Inflation a Good or Bad Thing for Consumers?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Is Inflation a Good or Bad Thing for Consumers?

There are two sides to inflation for consumers: The rising cost of goods and services means that the basic cost of living rises for most people. But a certain amount of inflation can spur production and economic growth.

Deciding whether inflation is good or bad therefore depends on how various factors might play out in different economic sectors.

Key Points

•  Inflation has a dual impact on consumers, affecting economic growth and wages while raising living costs and causing instability.

•  Moderate inflation can boost employment and sustain economic expansion by encouraging spending and investment.

•  Excessive inflation pressures household budgets, increases costs, and reduces purchasing power, potentially leading to higher unemployment and lower investment returns.

•  Core inflation, excluding food and energy, provides a stable measure for long-term economic analysis and trend tracking.

•  Strategies to help protect investments during inflation may include TIPS, real estate ETFs, REITs, dollar-cost averaging, and portfolio diversification.

What Is Inflation?

Inflation is an economic trend in which prices for goods and services rise over time. The Federal Reserve (the Fed) uses different price indexes to track inflation and determine how to shape monetary policy.

Generally speaking, the Fed targets a 2% annual inflation rate as measured by pricing indexes, including the Consumer Price Index. Rising demand for goods and services can trigger inflation when there’s an imbalance in supply. This is known as demand-pull inflation.

Cost-push inflation occurs when the price of commodities rises, pushing up the price of goods or services that rely on those commodities.

Asking whether inflation is bad isn’t the right lens for this economic factor. Inflation can have both pros and cons for consumers and investors. Understanding the potential effects of inflation can help increase the positives while decreasing the negatives.

Is Inflation Good or Bad?

Answering the question of whether inflation is good or bad means understanding why inflation matters so much. The Federal Reserve takes an interest in inflation because it relates to broader economic and monetary policy.

Some level of inflation in an economy is normal, and an indication that the economy is continuing to grow. Inflation rates have, historically, seen the most change during or right after recessions.

The Fed believes that its 2% target inflation rate encourages price stability and maximum employment.

Broadly speaking, high inflation can make it difficult for households to afford basic necessities, such as food and shelter. When inflation is too low, that can lead to economic weakening. If inflation trends too low for an extended period of time, consumers may come to expect that to continue, which can create a cycle of low inflation rates.

That may sound good, as lower inflation means prices are not increasing over time for goods and services. So consumers may not struggle to afford the things they need to maintain their standard of living. But prolonged low inflation can impact interest rate policy.

The Federal Reserve uses interest rate cuts and hikes as a tool to help keep the economy on an even keel. For example, if the economy is in danger of overheating because it’s growing too rapidly, or inflation is increasing too quickly, the Fed may raise rates to encourage a pullback in borrowing and spending.

Conversely, when the economy is in a downturn, the Fed may cut rates to try to promote spending and borrowing. If borrowing money is cheaper, more people will do it in order to finance purchases, or so goes the logic.

When both inflation and interest rates are low, that may not leave much room for further rate cuts in an economic crisis, which may spur higher employment rates. If prices for goods and services continue to decline, that could lead to a period of deflation or even a recession.

So, is inflation good or bad? The answer is that it can be a little of both. How deeply inflation affects consumers or investors, and who it affects most, depends on what’s behind rising prices, how long inflation lasts, and how the Fed manages interest rates.

What Is Core Inflation?

Core inflation measures the rising cost of goods and services in the economy, but excludes food and energy costs. Food and energy prices are notoriously volatile, even though demand for these staples tends to remain steady.

Both food and energy prices are partly driven by the price of commodities, which also tend to fluctuate, owing to speculation in the commodities markets. So the short-term price changes in these two markets make it difficult to include them in a long-term reading of inflationary trends: hence the core inflation metric.

The Consumer Price Index and the core personal consumption expenditures index (PCE) are the two main ways to measure underlying inflation that’s long term.

Who Benefits From Inflation?

The Federal Reserve believes some inflation is good and even necessary to maintain a healthy economy. The key is keeping inflation rates at acceptable levels, such as the 2% annual inflation rate target. Staying within this proverbial Goldilocks zone can result in numerous positive impacts for consumers and the economy in general.

Pros of Inflation

Sustainable inflation can yield these benefits:

•  Higher employment rates

•  Continued economic growth

•  Potential for higher wages if employers offer cost-of-living pay raises

•  Cost-of-living adjustments for those receiving Social Security retirement benefits

The danger, of course, is that inflation escalates too rapidly, requiring the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates as a result. This increases the overall cost of borrowing for consumers and businesses.

Who Is Inflation Good For?

Inflation can benefit certain groups, depending on how it impacts Fed shapes monetary policy. Some of the people who can benefit from inflation include:

•  Savers, if an interest rate hike results in higher rates on savings accounts, money market accounts or certificates of deposit

•  Debtors, if they’re repaying loans with money that’s worth less than the money they borrowed

•  Homeowners who have a low, fixed-rate mortgage

•  People who hold investments that appreciate in value as inflation rises

💡 Quick Tip: Distributing your money across a range of assets — also known as diversification — can be beneficial for long-term investors. When you put your eggs in many baskets, it may be beneficial if a single asset class goes down.

Who Does Inflation Hurt the Most?

Some of the negative effects of inflation are more obvious than others. And there may be different consequences for consumers versus investors.

Cons of Inflation

In terms of what’s bad about inflation, here are some of the biggest cons:

•  Higher inflation means goods and services cost more, potentially straining consumer paychecks

•  Investors may see their return on investment erode if higher inflation diminishes purchasing power, or if they’re holding low-interest bonds

•  Unemployment rates may climb if employers lay off staff to cope with rising overhead costs

•  Rising inflation can weaken currency values

Inflation can be particularly bad if it leads to hyperinflation. This phenomenon occurs when prices for goods and services increase uncontrolled over an extended period of time. Generally, this would mean an inflation growth rate of 50% or more per month.

While hyperinflation has never happened in the United States, there are many examples from different time periods around the world: For example, Zimbabwe experienced a daily inflation rate of 98% in 2007-2008, when prices doubled every day.

Recommended: How to Protect Yourself From Inflation

Who Is Inflation Bad For?

The negative impacts of inflation can affect some more than others. In general, inflation may be bad for:

•  Consumers who live on a fixed income

•  People who plan to borrow money, if higher interest rates accompany the inflation

•  Homeowners with an adjustable-rate mortgage

•  Individuals who aren’t investing in the market as a hedge against inflation

Inflation and higher prices can be detrimental to retirees whose savings may not stretch as far, particularly when health care becomes more expensive.

If the cost of living increases but wages stagnate, that can also be problematic for workers because they end up spending more for the same things.

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $50 within 45 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.026%. See full terms and conditions.

How to Invest During Times of Inflation

While inflation is an investment risk to consider, some investing strategies can help minimize its impact on your portfolio.

How to Protect Your Money From Inflation

The first step is to understand that inflation rates may be variable from year to year, but the upward trend in the cost of goods and services is typically a factor investors must contend with. Essentially, if inflation is historically about 2% per year, it’s ideal to look for returns above that.

For example, while savings accounts may yield more interest if the Fed raises interest rates, investing in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or mutual funds could generate higher returns, though these investments also come with a higher degree of risk.

•  Diversification. Having a diversified portfolio that includes a mix of stock and bonds and other asset classes may help mitigate the impact of inflation.

•  Always be aware of investment costs and the impact of taxes and fees. Minimizing investment costs is a time-honored way to keep more of what you earn.

•  Investing in Treasury-Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS). TIPS are government-issued securities designed to generate consistent returns regardless of inflationary changes.

•  If prices are rising, that can increase rental property incomes. Some investors could benefit from that by investing in real estate ETFs or real estate investment trusts (REITs) if you’re seeking to not own directly property.

•  Compounding interest allows you to earn interest on your interest, which is consideration for building wealth.

•  Dollar-cost averaging means investing continuously, whether stock prices are low or high. When inflationary changes are part of a larger shift in the economic cycle, investors who dollar-cost average can still reap long term benefits, despite rising prices.

The Takeaway

Inflation is unavoidable, but you can take steps to help minimize the impact to your personal financial situation. Building a well-rounded portfolio of stocks, ETFs and other investments is one strategy for keeping pace with rising inflation. Being aware of how taxes and fees can impact your returns is another way to keep more of what you earn.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.


Opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.¹

FAQ

How is economic deflation different from inflation?

Deflation is when the cost of goods and services trends downward rather than upward (the sign of inflation). Deflation can be positive for consumers, as their money goes further, but prolonged deflation can also be a sign of a contraction.

How do homeowners benefit from inflation?

Typically tangible assets like real estate tend to increase in value over time, even in the face of inflation. Currency, on the other hand, tends to lose value.

How does the government measure inflation?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics produces the Consumer Price Index (CPI), based on the change in cost for a range of goods and services. The CPI is the most common indicator of inflation.

Photo credit: iStock/AJ_Watt

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


¹Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.026%; If you don’t make a selection in 45 days, you’ll no longer qualify for the promo. Customer must fund their account with a minimum of $50.00 to qualify. Probability percentage is subject to decrease. See full terms and conditions.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or clicking the prospectus link on the fund's respective page at sofi.com. You may also contact customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risk, include the risk of loss. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA): Dollar cost averaging is an investment strategy that involves regularly investing a fixed amount of money, regardless of market conditions. This approach can help reduce the impact of market volatility and lower the average cost per share over time. However, it does not guarantee a profit or protect against losses in declining markets. Investors should consider their financial goals, risk tolerance, and market conditions when deciding whether to use dollar cost averaging. Past performance is not indicative of future results. You should consult with a financial advisor to determine if this strategy is appropriate for your individual circumstances.

An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the Fund carefully before investing. This and other important information are contained in the Fund’s prospectus. For a current prospectus, please click the Prospectus link on the Fund’s respective page. The prospectus should be read carefully prior to investing.
Alternative investments, including funds that invest in alternative investments, are risky and may not be suitable for all investors. Alternative investments often employ leveraging and other speculative practices that increase an investor's risk of loss to include complete loss of investment, often charge high fees, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Alternative investments may lack diversification, involve complex tax structures and have delays in reporting important tax information. Registered and unregistered alternative investments are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds.
Please note that Interval Funds are illiquid instruments, hence the ability to trade on your timeline may be restricted. Investors should review the fee schedule for Interval Funds via the prospectus.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOIN-Q325-125

Read more
Close modal

See what SoFi can do for you and your finances.

Select a product below and get your rate in just minutes.

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments

Other

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. To qualify, a borrower must be a U.S. citizen or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and meet SoFi's underwriting requirements. Not all borrowers receive the lowest rate. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. If approved, your actual rate will be within the range of rates at the time of application and will depend on a variety of factors, including term of loan, evaluation of your creditworthiness, income, and other factors. If SoFi is unable to offer you a loan but matches you for a loan with a participating bank, then your rate may be outside the range of rates listed above. Rates and Terms are subject to change at any time without notice. SoFi Personal Loans can be used for any lawful personal, family, or household purposes and may not be used for post-secondary education expenses. Minimum loan amount is $5,000. The average of SoFi Personal Loans funded in 2023 was around $33K. Information current as of 2/26/24. SoFi Personal Loans originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). See SoFi.com/legal for state-specific license details. See SoFi.com/eligibility for details and state restrictions.

✝ To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

©2026 Social Finance, LLC All rights reserved.
TLS 1.2 Encrypted
Equal Housing Lender