Financial Planning Tips for LGBTQ+ Couples

While enjoying more protections in recent years, LGBTQ+ couples may face unique legal situations and other scenarios that can leave them financially vulnerable. Taking a proactive approach can help ensure that you and your partner are prepared for the future.

Here are essential financial tips to help LGBTQ+ couples make informed decisions and develop a plan that supports their personal and financial goals.

Key Points

•   LGBTQ+ couples can have unique financial planning challenges that can be addressed with thoughtful planning.

•   Legal protections, including wills, trusts, and health care directives, are important for asset distribution and medical decision-making.

•   Adequate health and life insurance coverage is vital for financial security, especially for LGBTQ+-specific health care needs.

•   Family planning for LGBTQ+ couples may involve significant costs for adoption, surrogacy, or fertility treatments.

•   Estate planning is crucial for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure their wishes are honored and to avoid situations that lack clarity or could lead to disputes.

Unique Financial Challenges

Due to discrimination, legal limitations, and varying access to financial benefits, LGBTQ+ couples (which encompasses those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning) can encounter a number of financial hurdles. These issues may impact savings, career advancement, and even financial security, making proactive financial planning particularly crucial.

Legal Considerations

Legally speaking, LGBTQ+ couples have reasons to celebrate as well as causes for concern. Amid the legal landscape for LGBTQ+ rights, the Supreme Court’s legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015 is often noted as a highlight. This ruling gave LGBTQ+ couples access to legal protections and financial benefits that are only available for legally married couples.

Other key milestones include:

•   In 2020, the high court barred discrimination in employment decisions in relation to a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. A 2021 executive order from President Biden further expanded these protections.

•   In 2021, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) clarified that the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) includes protections for LGBTQ+ people, making it illegal for lenders to discriminate on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation.

Despite progress, there is still a lot of work to be done to safeguard LGBTQ+ couples’ economic security. Many states have not put antidiscrimination laws in place that affect health care, housing, and access to credit, according to the Movement Advance Project (MAP), an independent, nonprofit think tank. And some fear that existing protections might be rolled back in the future.

Discrimination and Financial Impact

Because certain LGBTQ+ rights, like marriage and workplace protections, have only been granted in recent years, many members of the community have likely been disadvantaged from decades of living without them. LGBTQ+ individuals may also face barriers to career advancement, which can limit their earning potential.

Indeed, LGBTQ+ workers earn, on average, 90 cents for every dollar a non-queer worker earns, according to a recent analysis by the Human Rights Campaign. The gap widens further for LGBTQ+ people of color, transgender women and men, and non-binary individuals, who earn even less when compared to the typical worker.

Data also indicates that LGBTQ+ people generally carry more student loan debt and have saved less for retirement compared to their cisgender/heterosexual peers.

At the same time, LGBTQ+ couples often face higher living expenses, due to a desire to live in welcoming communities (often cities with a high cost of living). They also tend to face higher health care costs, particularly if they or someone in their family seeks gender-affirming medical care.

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Creating a Solid Financial Foundation

Establishing a strong, shared financial base can be the first step toward long-term security. This process involves open communication, assessing your bank accounts, setting goals, and establishing a budget that can help you achieve your shared objectives.

Setting Joint Financial Goals

As with any partnership, it’s important to sit down as a couple and consider goals that reflect your values and aspirations. These could include saving for a home, planning for retirement, starting a family (and a college fund), or preparing for potential health care costs.

Once you have a list of goals, you’ll want to discuss how much money you will need, a timeline, and steps you’ll take to achieve your goals. Strategies might include cutting back on nonessential expenses and/or transferring a set amount into a joint savings account each month.

Since your goals, as well as your income and expenses, will likely change over time, it’s a smart move to have regular check-ins. This allows you to assess your savings, budget, and cash flow and make any necessary adjustments in how you manage your money to help stay on track. Find a cadence that suits you: Monthly or quarterly might work well, but no less than annually. It’s a good idea to reassess your situation when there are any big life changes, such as a new job, a new baby, or buying a home, as all of these can impact your budgeting.

Legal Protections and Documentation

Securing proper legal protections and documentation can be essential for LGBTQ+ couples, as laws around partnership rights can vary. The documents listed below can protect both partners.

•   Wills: A will ensures that your assets are distributed according to your wishes. If you die without one, your assets will likely be distributed according to the state’s default plan, which usually directs the assets to a legal spouse or, if none exists, to your blood heirs.

•   Financial power of attorney: This document enables your partner to make financial decisions on your behalf if you’re incapacitated. Without it, they would need to obtain a court order in order to take over your financial accounts in an emergency. This is the case even if you are married — without a power of attorney, spouses can only control joint bank accounts and joint brokerage accounts.

•   Health care directives: A health care directive (also known as a medical power of attorney) specifies your wishes regarding medical treatment if you cannot communicate them. It ensures your partner can make decisions aligned with your preferences. This document is particularly important for unmarried LGBTQ+ couples. Should one of you experience a medical emergency, your partner could be bypassed at the hospital and a relative would be contacted instead about what could potentially be life-or-death decisions.

Marriage and Domestic Partnership Considerations

While LGBTQ+ couples are now legally able to get married, some may choose not to. This is a personal decision that also has implications on financial planning. Here’s a look at how marriage vs. domestic partnership impact your finances.

Marriage: Getting married can provide access to numerous financial, tax, and legal benefits, including spousal benefits through Social Security, pensions, and work. Marriage also allows partners to pass money and assets back and forth without worrying about gifting limits, and it gives each partner inheritance rights. One downside, however, is the so-called “marriage penalty.” This is the tax increase that many couples face once they combine their incomes and file as married filing jointly. (However, as noted above, there are tax benefits to marriage, such as additional deductions, which may offset this.)

Domestic partnership: A domestic partnership is an alternative to marriage and may provide you with some of the benefits that married couples receive. For example, your employer may allow your partner to receive benefits like health insurance. However, domestic partners are not considered “family” by law and are not recognized by most states. Also, while married couples automatically inherit each other’s assets upon death (and without incurring taxes), this is not the case for domestic partners. You can inherit your partner’s assets through a will, but you’ll be subject to taxes.

Retirement Planning for LGBTQ+ Couples

Members of LGBTQ+ community often have unique needs in retirement. Many look to retire in more accepting parts of the country, which tend to be cities with high housing and other costs, making retirement generally more expensive. Here are some factors to keep in mind as you plan for retirement.

•   Social Security benefits: Married couples in which one spouse earned significantly more than the other may be able to use spousal benefits to maximize their combined Social Security income. Married or not, it’s important for LGBTQ+ couples to understand how Social Security benefits work and consider the timing of their claims. You can get an estimate of your monthly payout and how it’s impacted by the age you start to claim your benefits at SSA.gov.

•   Pension plans: A pension plan is a retirement account provided by an employer that pays out a fixed amount of money to the employee after they retire, providing a steady stream of passive income for life. Certain pensions provide spousal benefits upon death, but these may only be accessible to married couples. Check with your employer to understand the details and consider how this might impact your retirement savings strategy.

•   IRAs and 401(k)s: Individual retirement accounts and employer-sponsored retirement plans are critical components of retirement planning. Both partners will want to contribute as much as possible to their retirement accounts, and at least enough to get the full employer match (if offered). Once you’ve maxed out your 401(k), you might each consider contributing to a Roth IRA, if you’re eligible.

Recommended: Savings Goal Calculator

Family Planning and Financial Preparation

For LGBTQ+ couples, family planning may involve additional costs, especially if it includes adoption, surrogacy, or fertility treatments. For example, adoption can run anywhere from $20,000 to $70,000, depending on whether it’s done domestically or internationally. IVF can cost $13,500 to $21,000 or more, while surrogacy can range between $60,000 to $250,000-plus.

Since insurance often does not cover most of these costs, creating a financial plan that accounts for these expenses can be crucial. This plan should include saving for baby costs, as well as the ongoing expenses related to raising children.

Insurance Needs for LGBTQ+ Couples

Insurance provides an essential financial safety net for couples. Below are three kinds of insurance that can help protect your family.

•   Health insurance: Health insurance is vital for all couples, so you’ll want to make sure you are both covered either through employer plans, the Affordable Care Act marketplace, Medicare, Medicaid, or private options. When choosing a health care plan, carefully review coverage details, including any potential limits for LGBTQ+-specific health care needs. Though most health insurers cover medically necessary gender-affirming care, some states allow private health plans to deny coverage to transgender people for certain health care services.

•   Life insurance: Life insurance protects your partner in case of your untimely death by replacing lost income. This can be particularly important if you have children. Life insurance offers a safety net by ensuring the loss of income doesn’t disrupt your children’s daily life, education, and future opportunities. Keep in mind that you don’t have to be married to get life insurance — you can each purchase an individual policy and name the other as the beneficiary.

•   Long-term care insurance: This type of insurance helps cover expenses for long-term care that aren’t typically covered by health insurance or Medicare. LGBTQ+ seniors may face added costs if they lack family support (as can be the case for any couple that doesn’t have children). Long-term care insurance can be a worthwhile investment in this scenario. An alternative option is to self-fund your future needs.

Estate Planning Strategies

Estate planning is essential for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure assets are transferred to the right individuals and that financial protections are in place for the surviving partner. This is particularly important if you are not married, as your assets would not likely go to your partner without a well-defined estate plan. The following protections can help.

•   Trusts: Unlike wills (which can be successfully challenged), trusts cannot be contested by others. Putting some assets into a trust can be especially helpful for LGBTQ+ couples, as it can help you to avoid potential legal disputes with non-supportive family members. Assets in a trust may also be able to pass outside of probate, which can save time, court fees, and (potentially) estate taxes.

•   Beneficiary designations: Certain assets, like savings accounts and life insurance policies, can pass to the beneficiary on file without the need for a will and without going through probate. Whoever is listed as beneficiary will get those assets regardless of what a will might state. For this reason, it’s important to regularly review and update beneficiary designations on your accounts, especially if you set these accounts up years ago.

•   Titling: Another way to protect your estate is to make sure the title to your assets, particularly property, is coordinated with your will. For example, if your shared home is titled “joint tenants with rights of survivorship,” it will pass directly to the surviving owner when an owner dies, rather than through your will. Assets titled in an individual’s name (absent a beneficiary designation) or as “tenants in common,” on the other hand, will pass according to your will. You may want to discuss asset protection options with an estate planning attorney who understands the specific needs of LGBTQ+ couples to ensure you are both protected.

Recommended: Financial Planning for Young Adults

Building a Support Network

A strong support network can be invaluable for LGBTQ+ couples navigating unique financial and personal challenges. Community support can provide resources and guidance, along with a sense of belonging.

Community Resources and Support Groups

Many LGBTQ+ organizations and support groups offer financial assistance programs, legal resources, and planning guidance. Consider seeking out organizations or LGBTQ+-friendly financial advisors who understand the needs and challenges faced by LGBTQ+ couples.

A sampling of resources you might tap:

•   The Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research provides access to financial workshops, counseling, and self-help resources targeted to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples.

•   CenterLink focuses on strengthening, supporting, and connecting LGBTQ+ community centers nationwide.

•   Rainbow Families offers education, resources, and peer support groups for LGBTQ+ parents, families, and parents-to-be.

•   SAGE offers supportive services and consumer resources to older LGBTQ+ people and their caregivers.

The Takeaway

Financial planning is essential for everyone, but LGBTQ+ couples often face unique challenges and considerations. From navigating legal protections to managing potentially higher family-planning costs, these complexities can make proactive financial planning even more critical. By delving into these issues, LGBTQ+ couples can create a plan that protects their rights, and helps them build wealth over time.

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FAQ

How does marriage equality affect financial planning for LGBTQ+ couples?

Marriage equality gives LGBTQ+ couples access to financial benefits that are limited to legally married couples, which can simplify and enhance financial planning. This access can include spousal Social Security benefits, joint tax filing, inheritance rights, and health insurance coverage through a partner’s employer. These benefits can help reduce taxes, provide more retirement benefits, and offer financial security if one partner passes away. However, marriage can also come with new tax considerations, so couples might want to consult a financial advisor to optimize financial planning.

Are there specific estate planning considerations for LGBTQ+ couples?

Yes, estate planning is particularly important for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure their wishes are honored and to avoid potential family disputes. This may involve creating or updating wills, establishing durable powers of attorney, and designating health care directives to protect each partner’s wishes. In addition, they may want to establish trusts (for added control over asset distribution and to protect their estate from taxes) and update beneficiary designations on financial accounts.

What financial resources are available specifically for LGBTQ+ individuals and couples?

LGBTQ+ individuals and couples can access a number of specialized financial resources, including LGBTQ+-friendly financial advisors, legal services, and community-based support organizations. Organizations like the Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research provide access to financial workshops, counseling, and self-help resources targeted to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples, while SAGE offers resources for LGBTQ+ seniors. There are also a number of nonprofit groups and community centers that offer financial assistance to LGBTQ+ individuals and families facing financial challenges.


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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

There are several ways investment income is taxed: You may be familiar with capital gains taxes — the taxes imposed when one sells an asset that has gained value — but it’s important to also understand the tax implications of dividends, interest, retirement account withdrawals, and more.

In some cases, for certain types of accounts, taxes are deferred until the money is withdrawn, but in general, tax rules apply to most investments in one way or another.

Being well aware of all the tax liabilities your investments hold can minimize headaches and help you avoid a surprise bill from the IRS. Being tax savvy can also help you plan ahead for different income streams in retirement, or for your estate.

Key Points

•   Investment income is taxed through various forms including capital gains, dividends, and interest.

•   Capital gains tax applies when assets are sold for a profit, with rates depending on the holding period.

•   Dividends received from stocks are taxed either at ordinary income rates or qualified rates.

•   Interest income from investments like bonds and savings accounts is taxed at ordinary income rates.

•   The Net Investment Income Tax adds a 3.8% tax on investment income for high earners.

Types of Investment Income Tax

There are several types of investment income that can be taxed. These include:

•   Dividends

•   Capital Gains

•   Interest Income

•   Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

Taking a deeper look at each category can help you assess whether — and what — you may owe.

Tax on Dividends

Dividends are distributions that are sometimes paid to investors who hold a certain type of dividend-paying stock. Dividends are generally paid in cash, out of profits and earnings from a corporation.

•   Most dividends are considered ordinary (or non-qualified) dividends by default, and these payouts are taxed at the investor’s income tax rate.

•   Others, called qualified dividends because they meet certain IRS criteria, are typically taxed at a lower capital gains rate (more on that in the next section).

Generally, an investor should expect to receive form 1099-DIV from the corporation that paid them dividends, if the dividends amounted to more than $10 in a given tax year.

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More About Capital Gains Tax

Capital gains are the profit an investor sees when an investment they hold gains value when they sell it. Capital gains taxes are the taxes levied on the net gain between purchase price and sell price.

For example, if you buy 100 shares of stock at $10 ($1,000 total) and the stock increases to $12 ($1,200), if you sell the stock and realize the $200 gain, you would owe taxes on that stock’s gain.

There are two types of capital gains taxes: Long-term capital gains and short-term capital gains. Short-term capital gains apply to investments held less than a year, and are taxed as ordinary income; long-term capital gains are held for longer than a year and are taxed at the capital-gains rate.

For 2024 and 2025, the long-term capital gains tax rates are typically no higher than 15% for most individuals. Some individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on capital gain — but only if their taxable income for the 2024 tax year is $94,050 or less (married filing jointly), or $47,025 or less for single filers and those who are married filing separately.

For the 2025 tax year, individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on long-term capital gains if their taxable income is $96,700 or less for those married and filing jointly, and $48,350 or less for single filers and those who are married and filing separately.

The opposite of capital gains are capital losses — when an asset loses value between purchase and sale. Sometimes, investors use losses as a way to offset tax on capital gains, a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting.

Recommended: Is Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting a Good Idea?

Capital losses can also be carried forward to future years, which is another strategy that can help lower an overall capital gains tax.

Capital gains and capital losses only become taxable once an investor has actually sold an asset. Until you actually trigger a sale, any movement in your portfolio is called unrealized gains and losses. Seeing unrealized gains in your portfolio may lead you to question when the right time is to sell, and what tax implications that sale might have. Talking through scenarios with a tax advisor may help spotlight potential avenues to mitigate tax burdens.

▶️ Watch the video: Unrealized Gains: Explained

Taxable Interest Income

Interest income on investments is taxable at an investor’s ordinary income level. This may be money generated as interest in brokerage accounts, or interest from assets such as CDs, bonds, Treasuries, and savings accounts.

One exception are investments in municipal (muni) bonds, which are exempted from federal taxes and may be exempt from state taxes if they are issued within the state you reside.

Interest income (including interest from your bank accounts) is reported on form 1099-INT from the IRS.

Tax-exempt accounts, such as a Roth IRA or 529 plan, and tax-deferred accounts, such as a 401(k) or traditional IRA, are not subject to interest taxes.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

The Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT), also sometimes referred to as the Medicare tax, is a 3.8% flat tax rate on investment income for taxpayers whose modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is above a certain level — $200,000 for single filers; $250,000 for filers filing jointly. Per the IRS, this tax applies to investment income including, but not limited to: interest, dividends, capital gains, rental and royalty income, non-qualified annuities, and income from businesses involved in trading of financial instruments or commodities.

For taxpayers with a MAGI above the required thresholds, the tax is paid on the lesser of the taxpayer’s net investment income or the amount the taxpayer’s MAGI exceeds the MAGI threshold.

For example, if a taxpayer makes $150,000 in wages and earns $100,000 in investment income, including income from rental properties, their MAGI would be $250,000. This is $50,000 above the threshold, which means they would owe NIIT on $50,000. To calculate the exact amount the taxpayer would owe, one would take 3.8% of $50,000, or $1,900.

💡 Quick Tip: How long should you hold onto your investments? It can make a difference with your taxes. Profits from securities that you sell after a year or more are taxed at a lower capital gains rate. Learn more about investment taxes.

Tax-Efficient Investing

One way to mitigate the effects of investment income is to create a set of tax efficient investing strategies. These are strategies that may minimize the tax hit that you may experience from investments and may help you build your wealth. These strategies can include:

•   Diversifying investments to include investments in both tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts. An example of a tax-deferred account is a 401(k); an example of a tax-exempt account is a Roth IRA. Investing in both these vehicles may be a strategy for long-term growth as well as a way to ensure that you have taxable and non-taxable income in retirement.

   Remember that accounts like traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs, as well as 401(k) plans and some other employer-sponsored accounts, are tax-deferred — meaning that you don’t pay taxes on your contributions the year you make them, but you almost always owe taxes whenever you withdraw these funds.

•   Exploring tax-efficient investments. Some examples are municipal bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), Treasury bonds, and stocks that don’t pay dividends.

•   Considering tax implications of investment decisions. When selling assets, it can be helpful to keep taxes in mind. Some investors may choose to work with a tax professional to help offset taxes in the case of major capital gains or to assess different strategies that may have a lower tax hit.

The Takeaway

Investment gains, interest, dividends — almost any money you make from securities you sell — may be subject to tax. But the tax rules for different types of investment income vary, and you also need to consider the type of account the investments are in.

Underreporting or ignoring investment income can lead to tax headaches and may result in you underpaying your tax bill. That’s why it’s a good idea to keep track of your investment income, and be mindful of any profits, dividends, and interest that may need to be reported even if you didn’t sell any assets over the course of the year.

Some investors may find it helpful to work with a tax professional, who may help them see the full scope of their liabilities and become aware of potential investment strategies that might help them minimize their tax burden, especially in retirement. A tax professional should also be aware of any specific state tax rules regarding investment taxes.

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Family Opportunity Mortgage: What It Is and How It Works

What Is a Family Opportunity Mortgage?

A family opportunity mortgage is a loan for a residential property bought for a parent or an adult disabled child who could not qualify for financing on their own.

Under Fannie Mae guidelines, a principal residence can be purchased for a child or parent who is unable to work or who does not have sufficient income to qualify for a mortgage. The buyer will be considered the owner-occupant even though they will not live in the house.

This article will explain family opportunity mortgage guidelines and rules, how to find lenders, and more.

Note: SoFi does not offer family opportunity mortgage loans at this time. However, SoFi does offer other conventional mortgage loan options.

Key Points

•   A family opportunity mortgage is a loan for a residential property purchased for a parent or disabled adult child who cannot qualify for financing on their own.

•   Under Fannie Mae guidelines, the buyer of the property will be considered the owner-occupant, even if they don’t live in the house.

•   Steps to qualify for a family opportunity mortgage include completing a mortgage application, obtaining pre-approval, finding a suitable property, providing necessary documentation, and closing on the loan.

•   Advantages of a family opportunity mortgage include lower down payment requirements, lower interest rates, potential tax deductions, and the ability to provide housing for a loved one.

What Is a Family Opportunity Mortgage?

What was a formally titled program under Fannie Mae is now a conventional loan with expanded guidelines to allow owner-occupied financing under special circumstances.

A family opportunity mortgage may be used:

•   When parents or legal guardians of a disabled adult child want to provide housing for the child.

•   When children want to provide housing for parents who cannot qualify for a mortgage because they cannot work or their income is too low.

Buyers are able to obtain financing at the same interest rates and terms as a principal residence under these circumstances. They do not have to use second home or investment property requirements.

Recommended: How to Buy a Single-Family Home

How a Family Opportunity Mortgage Works

A family opportunity mortgage works just as a conventional mortgage for your primary residence does. Buyers must meet Fannie Mae’s eligibility and underwriting standards in order to qualify for the loan.

Lenders consider your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, monthly debts as a percentage of your gross monthly income. Fannie Mae guidelines call for a maximum 45% DTI, or 50% with certain compensating factors.

Your income, though, must be high enough to cover the home mortgage loan for your primary residence and the residence you want to buy for your parent or dependent child. A credit score of at least 620 and steady employment will be required to qualify for the new mortgage as well.

Example of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

Here’s an example where you could use the family opportunity mortgage. Let’s say you have elderly parents who need more care, and you would like for them to move near you. Their retirement income isn’t enough to qualify for a mortgage in your area.

If you have enough income and a decent credit score, you may be able to buy a house for them. This is where a family opportunity mortgage may make sense.

You’ll turn to your lender to qualify you for owner financing. The term “family opportunity mortgage” is, technically, no longer in use, but the ability to qualify for an owner-occupied mortgage for a disabled adult child or elderly parent following Fannie Mae guidelines is the same. The lender can help you explore different types of mortgages that will meet Fannie Mae’s criteria.

You’ll need to choose between a fixed-rate loan and an adjustable-rate mortgage.

After settling on a mortgage product, you’ll submit all the necessary documents through your lender to apply for the mortgage.

After the loan closes, your parents will move into the house, and you’ll make the mortgage payments in your name.

Keep in mind the mortgage and the deed will be in your name unless you add your parents to the deed. There are advantages and disadvantages to structuring it this way, so be sure to do some research or consult a lawyer.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Steps to Qualify for a Family Opportunity Mortgage

If you want to qualify for an owner-occupied mortgage for a disabled adult child or elderly parent, you’ll need to take the following steps:

•   Complete a mortgage application with your lender. You’ll need to add the amount of the additional mortgage to the one you have on your principal residence (if any) and still have enough income to qualify for financing. Take a look at this mortgage calculator tool if you want help coming up with an estimate.

•   Obtain preapproval. By providing a specific tentative loan amount, mortgage preapproval allows you to look for homes that fall within your budget.

•   Find a suitable property. The property does not have to be outside a specific distance from your own home (what’s known as “distance rules”); nor do you have to reside in the property to qualify for owner-occupied financing. The types of houses may be restricted to single-family homes, but it may also be up to your lender.

•   Provide your lender with all necessary documentation. This may include proof of the adult child’s disability or proof that a parent is unable to take on a mortgage.

•   Close on the loan. Sign all the paperwork, wire your down payment and closing costs to the appropriate entity, and take care of any final details.

A family opportunity loan is usually treated like conventional financing for an owner-occupied home. Some lenders may have stricter lending standards when it comes to the definition of an owner-occupied residence.

Advantages of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

Being able to provide housing for a loved one with owner-occupied financing comes with some advantages:

•   Lower down payment requirement. With a family opportunity mortgage, the minimum down payment is usually 5% (0% if borrowers qualify for a USDA or VA loan). If the property is bought as a second home or investment, the down payment requirement is usually 15% or more.

•   Interest rates are lower. Loan rates for second homes or investment properties run higher than owner-occupied residential mortgage rates.

•   Lower property taxes. When a property is classified as owner-occupied by your local taxing authority, you may qualify for an exemption that reduces property taxes owed.

•   Mortgage interest and property tax may be tax deductible. When you file your taxes, you may be able to claim the mortgage interest and property tax dedication for both properties. Consult a tax advisor about this deduction.

•   Borrowers are not required to occupy the property. With a family opportunity mortgage, you are not required to live on the property to qualify for owner-occupied financing.

Which Lenders Offer Family Opportunity Mortgages?

Since the official program with the name “Family Opportunity Mortgage” has been discontinued, you won’t be looking for a lender that offers this program when you are shopping for a mortgage. Instead, you’ll be looking for a lender that allows you to use Fannie Mae’s definition of an owner-occupant when buying a house for a parent or disabled adult child. Many lenders will offer this as it is a common conventional loan.

Tax Implications of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

The tax implications of owning a home with a type of family opportunity mortgage may be complex. It’s a good idea to consult a tax attorney or tax accountant for advice.

Dream Home Quiz

The Takeaway

Buying a home for a disabled adult child or an aging parent is possible if you meet Fannie Mae guidelines and have sufficient income. If you’re looking for the family opportunity mortgage, ask lenders if they allow owner-occupied conventional financing if you purchase a home for parents or a disabled adult child. You’ll save money while providing housing to a vulnerable adult.

FAQ

Has the Family Opportunity Mortgage program been discontinued?

The formal name “Family Opportunity Mortgage” has been discontinued, but Fannie Mae still allows conventional mortgages to be considered owner-occupied for buyers who are purchasing a home for a disabled adult child or for parents who cannot qualify for mortgages on their own.

Can I buy a home for someone who is not my family member?

You can buy a single-family home for someone who is not a family member, but the circumstances do not meet Fannie Mae family opportunity mortgage guidelines and will not qualify for owner-occupied financing.


Photo credit: iStock/Ridofranz

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

SOHL-Q125-033

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How to Invest in Single-Family Rental Homes

Is Investing in Single-Family Homes a Good Idea? A Guide to Investing in Real Estate

Investing in single-family homes is often a good way to build wealth and generate monthly cash flow.

Real estate has proven to be an economic bulwark when stocks and bonds experience downturns. Even in late 2024, with the average sales price of homes in the U.S. slightly down from its 2022 historic high, the average price is almost $100,000 above where it stood at the start of this decade, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, which tracks the data.

Single-family rental homes have lots of upsides for an investor, but there are also a few reasons to look before you leap.

Key Points

•   Single-family homes can provide capital appreciation and immediate cash flow, making them attractive investments.

•   Financing for single-family homes is generally easier, with lower down payments and better loan terms.

•   These investments may be relatively stable, with less market volatility compared to some other investments.

•   Real estate acts as a tangible asset and a hedge against inflation.

•   Market research and understanding local regulations are essential for successful investment in single-family homes.

What Is a Single-Family Home?

The popular image of a single-family home is a stand-alone, one-dwelling structure with its own utilities, entrance, exit, and access to the street. The owners own both the building and land it sits on, so condos do not count.

Some government agencies expand this definition to include properties of up to four units, such as duplexes, as well as townhouses.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Questions? Call (888)-541-0398.


Why Invest in Single-Family Homes?

Buying investment property offers two key benefits to long-term investors:

•   the potential for capital appreciation

•   immediate cash flow

Let’s walk through some of the key motivators for investing in single-family homes.

Financing

Single-family homes are typically easier to obtain financing for than multifamily homes of five or more units.

A multifamily property meeting that criterion requires a commercial loan, which usually has a higher interest rate and shorter term than a residential mortgage. (Note: SoFi does not offer commercial loans; it does provide loans for residential investment properties of four or fewer units.)

Lenders often require at least 20% down for an investment property. It could be higher, depending on the borrower’s credit score and savings. Then again, there are creative ways to buy a multifamily property with no money down.

Less Volatility

The market for single-family homes is relatively stable and tends to grow more smoothly over the long run compared with other types of homes.

Unlike commercial real estate and apartments, the demand for single-family homes tends to remain relatively strong at all stages of the economic cycle.

Steady Income

Single-family homes may be rented out for longer terms than apartments and usually sit vacant for less time thanks to the steady demand for single-family housing.

Some contend that single-family rentals feel more like proper homes for tenants and therefore are better cared for than apartments.

You’re also more likely to find more families renting single-family homes than individuals. Families may be more likely to extend the lease if they end up loving the neighborhood and schools, as in a coveted suburb.

Tangible Asset

Many people seek to diversify portfolios with different types of investments. Unlike stocks and bonds, which represent shares of ownership and rights to dividend payments from a company, real estate is a tangible asset.

The tangible factor gives you something physical to hold on to that’s unlikely to disintegrate over the long term. Stocks, bonds, and other intangible investments require the underlying company to remain a going concern.

Inflation Hedge

Inflation is the creeping impact of price increases, and when there are concentrated bouts of it over a short period of time, it can rapidly erode the purchasing power of your assets.

Housing has often been touted as an inflation hedge because it has historically held its real value during inflationary markets. This could be because of the following reasons:

1.    Most homebuyers lock in their purchase price through a mortgage.

2.    Rental agreements typically last one or two years, which allows homeowners to gradually raise rents to keep pace with inflation.

3.    Home values typically appreciate over the long run thanks to the intrinsic value of the house and land.

Return on Investment

Thanks to steady demand, single-family homes can match or even exceed the return on investment (ROI) of bigger multifamily properties, with lower volatility than stocks or bonds.

Potential ROI across different real estate properties can be compared using a capitalization rate (cap rate) calculation: net operating income divided by current market value.

Net operating income is your gross annual income from the property minus operating expenses (like repair costs, groundskeeping, property taxes, insurance, utilities not paid by tenants, and any property management fees). Home mortgage loan payments are not included in the net operating income formula.

Diversification

Single-family homes could be a good addition to a portfolio of stocks and bonds, but why does portfolio diversification matter anyway? Because by diversifying assets, you may offset a certain amount of risk and improve returns. When stocks or bonds fall, real estate prices can take much longer to follow.

Things to Know Before Investing in Single-Family Rentals

Because of the high acquisition cost of single-family homes, you’ll want to conduct proper due diligence on your local housing market and target property before you buy. As with all investments, be cautious when investing a significant portion of your cash in one place.

Your Numbers

While the projected rental income on a property looks attractive at a glance, bear in mind that maintenance costs and surprises should be factored in. Vacancy rates, legal issues with tenants, and unexpected repairs can sap your returns over time.

It’s smart to factor in a cash buffer to ensure that money is available on short notice.

Your Target Rental and Housing Market

While the rental income streams of New York and California offer much higher revenue potential, keep in mind that the costs of owning real estate in those areas is enormous as well.

Income is only one side of the rate of return calculation, so make sure you have a good handle on the expenses as well. You can only do that by thoroughly investigating your target housing market and relying on the home appraisal.

The local job market, its dominant industries, and the dependability and growth of local businesses also will shed light on how stable a given market will be over time. Good schools, safe cities, and proximity to workplaces and attractions matter to many renters.

If you’re looking to use the property as a short-term rental, check out the local ordinances, which may prohibit you from doing so.

The 1% and 50% Rules

The 1% rule is a back-of-the-envelope calculation to estimate whether your rental income strategy will be profitable. If the estimated rental income on the property is at least 1% of its purchase price, you should theoretically be able to generate cash flow. If your purchase price was $300,000, for example, the monthly rent should be at least $3,000, according to the rule.

The 50% rule states that you should expect the expenses on your real estate investment to make up approximately 50% of the gross income generated. That’ll give you a quick and dirty estimate to help you start ballparking your net returns.

Obviously, the exact numbers are more complicated. When you have time, you’ll want to run a full comparison of revenues vs. potential costs of your venture.

Your Strategy

This one’s a little more nuanced, as it depends on your goal amount, the time horizon, and your risk tolerance.

Are you looking to build a rental home empire or are you just looking for a little extra income to supplement your retirement?

Do you intend to tap home equity to buy one or more investment properties? Do you plan to flip or hold the home?

How to Invest in Single-Family Homes

If you’re confident that buying a single-family home is the right choice for you, there are a few ways you can invest:

Buy It Yourself

This is the most capital intensive and least liquid route. Buying a single-family home in the neighborhood of your choice will net you reward as well as the risk that comes with any property.

If you’re handy, you can buy a fixer-upper or a HUD home (bidding opens to investors after owner-occupants are given a chance) and renovate it into turnkey condition.

The expense of any contractors or property managers will need to be factored in.

Invest Through a Crowdfunding Platform

If you don’t have copious amounts of capital, you can still fund real estate investment projects through online crowdfunding platforms like Fundrise. These allow you to diffuse risk while taking part in more aggressive investments than you might have been willing to by yourself.

Keep in mind that you’ll need to share the benefits with all investors who partake in the process. Another shortcoming is that your funds may be tied up for an extended period of time, which varies by project.

Invest in a Real Estate Investment Trust

REITs are corporate entities that specialize in purchasing and financing pools of real estate investments on behalf of their clients. They sell shares that are publicly traded and can specialize in any number of sectors or strategies.

The big benefit of REITs is that they’re one of the most liquid real estate investments out there, as you can buy or sell your shares at almost any time on the open market. However, the market value of each share will fluctuate daily.

In the realm of investment opportunities, REITs often provide better returns than fixed-income assets like bonds, but REITs carry higher risk.

There are REITs that specialize in buying and operating single-family rentals. These REITs pay out a major portion of their cash earnings to shareholders.

The Takeaway

When done right, your single-family home investment can offer growth and income and diversify your portfolio. You can start with lower levels of capital by investing in REITs or crowdfunding platforms, but any gains will be diluted. It may be easier to obtain a mortgage for a one-family home, or a property that is four units or fewer, than for a larger multiunit property.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Is renting out a single-family home worth it?

It can be. Appreciation and rental income have made single-family homes attractive to investors. Multifamily properties provide more rental income streams but also require more property and tenant management.

How do you value a single-family home rental?

There are a few ways. One is to look at recent comparable sales. Another is to calculate the capitalization rate (net operating income divided by property price or value). A third is to use the gross rent multiplier approach (property price divided by gross rental income).

How fast does the value of single-family homes appreciate?

It depends on the market. Lately, appreciation has decelerated. But the median sales price of a house in the last quarter of 2024 was still about $100,000 more than it was five years before.


Photo credit: iStock/Phynart Studio

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

SOHL-Q125-022

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What Is a Mortgage Closing Disclosure?

Mortgage Closing Disclosure: All You Need to Know About Using It

Before signing your closing documents and walking away with the keys to your new home, it’s important to reexamine the final details of the mortgage. Your lender is required to provide this information ahead of closing in the form of a mortgage closing disclosure.

Paperwork fatigue aside, the closing disclosure deserves careful review, as it outlines the mortgage terms and conditions you’re agreeing to.

Key Points

•   The mortgage closing disclosure outlines final loan terms, including amount, interest rate, and monthly payments.

•   The disclosure must be provided at least three business days before closing to allow for review.

•   Borrowers should compare the closing disclosure with the initial loan estimate for accuracy.

•   Certain fees, like transfer taxes and lender service fees, cannot change without a valid reason.

•   Errors on the closing disclosure should be reported to the lender or settlement agent immediately to avoid delays.

What Is a Closing Disclosure?

You may have weighed the different mortgage types and then homed in on one that suited you best.

Maybe you got mortgage preapproval before zeroing in on a property you couldn’t live without (for a while, at least). Now the deal is almost buttoned up.

Here comes the closing disclosure, a five-page form from your lender outlining the home mortgage loans terms, including the loan principal, interest rate, and estimated monthly payment. It also lays out how much money is owed for closing costs and the down payment.

Lenders are required by federal law to provide the mortgage closing disclosure at least three business days ahead of the closing date.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Questions? Call (888)-541-0398.


Recommended: Understanding Mortgage Basics

Why the Closing Disclosure Is Important

The mortgage closing disclosure contains all the final terms of your home loan, like how much you pay each month and over the life of the loan. You probably had many mortgage questions for your lender, but all the conditions of your loan, such as your ability to refinance or pay off the loan early, are detailed here.

These specifics can have a significant impact on your personal finances. Just one percentage point difference in the interest rate can cost you thousands in the long run.

When you receive the closing disclosure from your lender, this is a final chance to review the fine print and compare everything with the loan estimate, the three-page document with the loan amount, interest rate, and other key information provided by your lender after you applied for a mortgage.

You may have obtained multiple loan estimates when shopping for a mortgage, but you’ll only get a closing disclosure from the lender you chose to finance with.

Recommended: Mortgage Help Center

What’s in the Closing Disclosure?

Visual learners, rejoice: The U.S. government’s Consumer Financial Protection Bureau maintains a sample closing disclosure with an accompanying checklist and tips on how to read a closing disclosure.

Here’s a breakdown of the components in the closing disclosure.

Loan Terms

The terms include the loan amount, interest rate, and the monthly principal and interest you’ll pay. This section notes if the loan has a prepayment penalty for paying off the mortgage early (a rarity these days) or a balloon payment, a one-time fee due at the end of the loan (ditto).

The closing disclosure will note with a “yes” or “no” whether the amount for any of these items can increase after closing.

Projected Payments

This section shows the factors used for the payment calculation, including the principal and interest, any mortgage insurance, and estimated escrow to pay property taxes, homeowners insurance, and any flood insurance. These add up to estimated total monthly payment for the mortgage.

If you don’t use an escrow account, the bottom of this section will show the monthly costs for property taxes, homeowners insurance, and homeowners association (HOA) dues, if applicable.

Checking these numbers against the original loan estimate from your lender is good practice.

Costs at Closing

Top of mind for many borrowers is the amount of cash needed to close. Usually, you can expect closing costs to be 2% to 5% of the home purchase price.

This section identifies the “cash to close,” which represents the closing costs plus the down payment owed by the borrower.

Loan Costs

Flipping to Page 2, this section provides a summary of expenses associated with taking out the loan. The costs consist of the origination fee, application fee, underwriting fee, and mortgage points if you’ve chosen to purchase any.

Additional costs are categorized under “services borrower did not shop for” and “services borrower did shop for.” The former includes services arranged by the lender, like the appraisal fee, while the latter refers to services the borrower had a choice in procuring, such as the title search and pest inspection fee.

Other Costs

There are other costs that may be due at signing, such as taxes and government fees, prepaids, escrow payments, and HOA fees.

Ensure that each amount is accurate and correctly entered as either borrow-paid or seller-paid.

Calculating Cash to Close

The table in this section shows a side-by-side comparison between the loan estimate and final dollar amount needed to close.

The calculation will account for any deposits paid by the borrower and seller credits negotiated as part of the deal.

Summaries of Transactions

This section provides a detailed look at what the borrower and seller are paying at closing. Costs prepaid by the seller, such as property taxes and HOA fees, may be adjusted to show what portion is owed by the borrower.

Loan Disclosures

Your mortgage comes with conditions, which are outlined on Page 4 of the closing disclosure. You’ll see which apply based on the box that’s checked for each.

Loan Calculations

On the final page, there are loan calculations showing the total amount you’ll pay over the life of the loan, as well as the finance charge, amount financed, annual percentage rate, and total interest percentage.

If you’re just looking into home loans, a mortgage calculator can estimate your monthly payments and total interest paid over the loan term.

Other Disclosures

The lender must disclose other characteristics of the mortgage, if applicable. They include the appraisal, contract details, liability after foreclosure, ability to refinance, and tax deductions.

Contact Information

Refer to this section if you need to contact the lender, brokers, or settlement agent involved with your mortgage.

Confirm Receipt

Signing the mortgage closing disclosure indicates that you received the form, not that you agree to the terms and accept the loan.

What Is the Three-Day Waiting Period?

As of 2015, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s “Know Before You Owe” mortgage rule requires lenders to provide the mortgage closing disclosure at least three business days before closing.

This aims to give borrowers plenty of time to review the final loan terms, ask their lender any clarifying questions, and prevent unexpected costs at closing.

There are a few scenarios that could change the closing disclosure timeline. Your lender must provide another closing disclosure, thus granting three more days, if one of the following issues occurs:

•  A change in the loan APR (one-eighth of a percentage point or more for a fixed-rate loan or one-quarter of a percentage point for an adjustable-rate mortgage)

•  Addition of a prepayment penalty

•  A change in the loan product

How to Check Your Closing Disclosure

All five pages of the closing disclosure contain key information for the borrower to review. It may be helpful to go line by line with your loan estimate in hand to compare the final terms against what the lender previously provided.

Here are a few important items to pay attention to:

•  Review your name and the property information.

•  Check that the loan description and amount match the loan estimate.

•  Make sure that the interest rate is unchanged if you locked it.

•  Ensure you understand all the fees and any changes to them.

What Can and Can’t Change on the Closing Disclosure

There are some costs that can’t be changed on the closing disclosure, while others may increase by a certain percentage or by any amount.

Unless there’s a change in circumstances on the loan, changes can’t be made to the following:

•  Transfer taxes

•  Fees paid to the lender for a required service

•  Fees paid for a required service that the borrower wasn’t allowed to shop separately for

Recording fees and costs for required services from a lender’s written list of providers may not increase by more than 10%.

There are other costs that can change by any amount at any time, including:

•  Prepaid interest, property insurance premiums, or initial escrow deposits

•  Fees for required services by the lender that the borrower shopped separately for

•  Fees for optional third-party services

•  Note that your interest rate can fluctuate if it’s not locked or due to changes on your mortgage application.

What to Do if There’s an Error on the Closing Disclosure

It’s important to notify your lender or settlement agent of any errors on the closing disclosure.

Redoing the closing disclosure could delay the closing and affect your interest rate if your mortgage rate lock expires.

The Takeaway

The mortgage closing disclosure gives a detailed overview of your loan terms and closing costs. Review it promptly with your loan estimate at hand. If you’re uncertain of any information, reach out to your lender to go over the closing disclosure as soon as possible.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Does a closing disclosure mean I’m approved?

The loan is approved before you receive the closing disclosure, but a significant change to your credit, income, or debt before closing could affect your approval.

Can you waive the three-day closing disclosure?

You can waive the three-day closing disclosure in the case of a personal financial emergency, such as losing the home if the mortgage doesn’t close in time.

How long after the closing disclosure do you close?

You can close three business days at the earliest after receiving the closing disclosure. Errors on the closing disclosure could delay the process.

Can you be denied after the closing disclosure?

Yes. A dramatic change in your personal finances could cause a lender to reject your mortgage. It’s a good idea to try to avoid changing jobs or taking on new debt near the end zone.


Photo credit: iStock/Khosrork

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

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