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Exploring Different Types of Investments

You probably have things you want to do with your money down the road: buy a house, save for retirement, fund college for your kids, maybe even go on a big trip or do a major remodel. And you may be wondering if investing can help you achieve those goals.

It’s never too early or too late to start investing. There are a number of different ways you can put your money to work, including choosing different investment types.

9 Types of Investments

Before deciding on your investments, ask yourself what your financial goals are. Then try to build a portfolio that achieves those goals, balancing risk with return and maintaining a diverse mix of assets.

Having different types of investments, as well as short term vs long term investments can help you achieve portfolio diversification.

1. Stocks

When you think of investing and investment types, you probably think of the stock market. They are, essentially, investment fund basics. A stock gives an investor fractional ownership of a public company in units known as shares.

Only public companies trade on the stock market; private companies are privately owned. They can sometimes still be invested in, though the process isn’t always as easy and open to as many investors.

A stock makes money in two ways: It could pay dividends if the company decides to pay out part of its profits to its shareholders, or an investor could sell the stock for more than they bought it.

Some investors are looking for steady streams of income and therefore pick stocks because of their dividend payments. Others may look at value or growth stocks, companies that are trading below their true worth or those that are experiencing revenue or earnings gains at a faster pace.

Pros and Cons of Stock Investments

Pros

Cons

If the stock goes up, you can sell it for a profit. There are no guaranteed returns. For instance, the market could suddenly go down.
Some stocks pay dividends to investors. The stock market can be volatile. Returns can vary widely from year to year.
Stocks tend to offer higher potential returns than bonds. You typically need to hang onto stocks for many years to achieve the highest potential returns.
Stocks are considered liquid assets, so you can typically sell them quickly if necessary. You can lose a lot of money or get in over your head if you don’t do your research before investing.

2. Bonds

Bonds are essentially loans you make to a company or a government — federal or local — for a fixed period of time. In return for loaning them money, they promise to pay it back to you in the future and pay you interest in the meantime.

When it comes to bonds vs. stocks, the former are typically backed by the full faith and credit of the government or large companies. Because of this, they’re often considered lower risk than stocks.

However, the risk varies, and bonds are rated for their quality and credit-worthiness. Because the U.S. government is less likely to go bankrupt than an individual company, Treasury bonds are considered to be some of the least risky investments. However, they also tend to have lower returns.

Different Types of Bonds

Treasurys: These are bonds issued by the U.S. government. Treasurys can have maturities that range from one-month to 30-years, but the 10-year note is considered a benchmark for the bond market as a whole.

Municipal bonds: Local governments or agencies can also issue their own bonds. For example, a school district or water agency might take out a bond to pay for improvements or construction and then pay it off, with interest, at whatever terms they’ve established.

Corporate bonds: Corporations also issue bonds. These are typically given a credit rating, with AAA being the highest. High-yield bonds, also known as junk bonds, tend to have higher yields but lower credit ratings.

Mortgage and asset-backed bonds: Sometimes financial institutions bundle mortgages or other assets, like student loans and car loans, and then issue bonds backed by those loans and pass on the interest.

Zero-coupon bonds: Zero coupon bonds may be issued by the U.S. Treasury, corporations, and state and local government agencies. These bonds don’t pay interest. Instead, investors buy them at a great discount from their face value, and when a bond matures, the investor receives the face value of the bond.

Pros and Cons of Bond Investments

Pros

Cons

Bonds offer regular interest payments. The rate of returns with bonds tends to be much lower than it is with stocks.
Bonds tend to be lower risk than stocks. Bond trading is not as fluid as stock trading. That means bonds may be more difficult to sell.
Treasurys are considered to be safe investments. Bonds can decrease in value during periods of high interest rates.
High-yield bonds tend to pay higher returns and they have more consistent rates. High-yield bonds are riskier and have a higher risk of default, and investors could potentially lose all the money they’ve invested in them.


💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

3. Mutual Funds

A mutual fund is an investment managed by a professional. Funds typically focus on an asset class, industry or region, and investors pay fees to the fund manager to choose investments and buy and sell them at favorable prices.

Pros and Cons of Mutual Fund Investments

Pros

Cons

Mutual funds are easy and convenient to buy. There is typically a minimum investment you need to make.
They ate more diversified than stocks and bonds so they carry less risk. Mutual funds typically require an annual fee called an expense ratio and some funds may also have sales charges.
A professional manager chooses the investments for you. Trades are executed only once per day at the close of the market, which means you can’t buy or sell mutual funds in real time.
You earn money when the assets in the mutual fund rise in value. The management team could be poor or make bad decisions.
There is dividend reinvestment, meaning dividends can be used to buy additional shares in the fund, which could help your investment grow. You will generally owe taxes on distributions from the fund.

4. ETF

Exchange traded funds can appear to be similar to a mutual fund, but the main difference is that ETFs can be traded on a stock exchange, giving investors the flexibility to buy and sell throughout the day. They also come in a range of asset mixes.

Pros and Cons of ETF Investments

Pros

Cons

ETFs are easy to buy and sell on the stock market. The ease of trading ETFs might tempt an investor to sell an investment they should hold onto.
They often have lower annual expense ratios (annual fees) than mutual funds. A brokerage may charge commission for ETF trades.This could be in addition to fund management fees.
ETFs can help diversify your portfolio. May provide a lower yield on asset gains (as opposed to investing directly in the asset).
They are more liquid than mutual funds.

5. Annuities

An annuity is an insurance contract that an individual pays upfront and, in turn, receives set payments.

There are fixed annuities, which guarantee a set payment, and variable annuities, which put people’s payments into investment options and pay out down the road at set intervals. There are also immediate annuities that begin making regular payments to investors right away.

Pros and Cons of Annuity Investments

Pros

Cons

Annuities are generally low risk investments. Annuities typically offer lower returns compared to stocks and bonds.
They offer regular payments. They typically have high fees.
Some types offer guaranteed rates of return. Annuities are complex and difficult to understand.
Can be a good supplement investment for retirement. It can be challenging to get out of an annuities contract.

6. Derivatives

There are several types of derivatives but two popular ones are futures and options. Futures contracts are agreements to buy or sell something (a security or a commodity) at a fixed price in the future.

Meanwhile, in options trading, buyers have the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset at a set price.

A derivatives trading guide can be helpful to learn more about how these investments work.

Pros and Cons of Derivative Investments

Pros

Cons

Derivatives allow investors to lock in a price on a security or commodity. Derivatives can be very risky and are best left to traders who have experience with them.
They can be helpful for mitigating risk with certain assets. Trading derivatives is very complex.
They provide income when an investor sells them. Because they expire on a certain date, the timing might not work in your favor.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

7. Commodities

A commodity is a raw material — such as oil, gold, corn or coffee. Trading commodities has a reputation for being risky and volatile. That’s because they’re heavily driven by supply and demand forces. Say for instance, there’s a bad harvest of coffee beans one year. That might help push up prices. But on the other hand, if a country discovers a major oil field, that could dramatically depress prices of the fuel.

Investors have several ways they can gain exposure to commodities. They can directly hold the physical commodity, although this option is very rare for individual investors (Imagine having to store barrels and barrels of oil).

So many investors wager on commodity markets via derivatives — financial contracts whose prices are tied to the underlying raw material. For instance, instead of buying physical bars of precious metals to invest in them, a trader might use futures contracts to make speculative bets on gold or silver. Another way that retail investors may get exposure to commodities is through exchanged-traded funds (ETFs) that track prices of raw materials.

Pros and Cons of Commodity Investments

Pros

Cons

Commodities can diversify an investor’s portfolio. Commodities are considered high-risk investments because the commodities market can fluctuate based on factors like the weather. Prices could plummet suddenly.
Commodities tend to be more protected from the volatility of the stock market than stocks and bonds. Commodities trading is often best left to investors experienced in trading in them.
Prices of commodities are driven by supply and demand instead of the market, which can make them more resilient. Commodities offer no dividends.
Investing in commodities can help hedge against inflation because commodities prices rise when consumer prices do. An investor could end up having to take physical possession of a commodity if they don’t close out the position, and/or having to sell it.

8. Real Estate

Owning real estate, either directly or as part of real estate investment trust (REIT) investing or limited partnerships, gives you a tangible asset that may increase in value over time.

If you become invested in real estate outside of your own home, rent payments can be a regular source of income. However, real estate can also be risky and labor-intensive.

Pros and Cons of Real Estate Investments

Pros

Cons

Real estate is a tangible asset that tends to appreciate in value. Real estate is not liquid. You may have a tough time selling it quickly.
There are typically tax deductions and benefits, depending on what you own. There are constant ongoing expenses to maintain a property.
Investing in real estate with a REIT can help diversify your portfolio. Owning rental property is a lot of work. You have to handle managing it, cleaning it, and making repairs.
By law, REITs must pay 90% of their income in dividends. With a REIT, dividends are taxed at a rate that’s usually higher than the rate for many other investments.
REITs offer more liquidity than owning rental property you need to sell. REITs are generally very sensitive to changes in interest rates, especially rising rates.
REITs don’t require the work that maintaining a rental property does. REITs can be a risky short-term investment and investors should plan to hold onto them for the long term.

9. Private Companies

Only public companies sell shares of stock, however private companies do also look for investment at times — it typically comes in the form of private rounds of direct funding. If the company you invest in ends up increasing in value, that can pay off, but it can also be risky.

Pros and Cons of Investing in Private Companies

Pros

Cons

Potential for good returns on your investment. You could lose your money if the company fails.
Lets investors get in early with promising startups and/or innovative technology or products. The value of your shares in the company could be reduced if the company issues new shares or chooses to raise additional capital. Your shares may then be worth less (this is known as dilution).
Investing in private companies can help diversify your portfolio. Investing in a private company is illiquid, and it can be very difficult to sell your assets.
Dividends are rarely paid by private companies.
There could be potential for fraud since private company investment tends to be less regulated than other investments.

Investment Account Options

An investor can put money into different types of investment accounts, each with their own benefits. The type of account can impact what kinds of returns an investor sees, as well as when and how they can withdraw their money.

401(k)

A 401(k) plan is a retirement account provided by your employer. You can often put money into a 401(k) account via a simple payroll deduction, and in a traditional 401(k), your contribution isn’t taxed as income. Many employers will also match your contributions to a certain point. The IRS puts caps on how much you can contribute to a 401(k) annually.

Pros and Cons of 401(k)s

Pros

Cons

Contributions you make to a 401(k) can reduce your taxable income. The money is not taxed until you withdraw it when you retire. There is a cap on how much you can contribute each year.
Contributions can be automatically deducted from your paycheck. Most withdrawals before age 59 ½ will incur a 10% penalty
Your employer may provide matching funds up to a certain limit. You must take required minimum distributions from the plan (RMDs) when you reach a certain age.
You can roll over a 401(k) if you leave your job. You may have limited investment options.

IRA

IRA stands for “individual retirement account” — so it isn’t tied to an employer. There are IRS guidelines for IRAs, but, essentially, they’re retirement accounts for individuals. IRAs allow people to set aside money pre-tax for retirement without needing an employer-backed 401(k).

Pros and Cons of 401(k)s

Pros

Cons

Contributions are tax deferred. You don’t pay taxes until you withdraw the funds. Low contribution limits ($6,500 in 2023).
You can choose how the money is invested, giving you more control. There is a 10% penalty for most early withdrawals before age 59 ½.
Those aged 50 and over can contribute an extra $1,000 in catch-up contributions.

Brokerage Accounts

A brokerage account is a taxed account through which you can buy most of the investments discussed here: stocks, bonds, ETFs. Some brokerage firms charge fees on the trades you make, while others offer free trading but send your orders to third parties to execute — a practice known as payment for order flow. Investors can be taxed on any realized gains.

You might also consider enlisting the help of a wealth manager or financial advisor who can provide financial planning and advice, and then manage your portfolio and wealth. Typically, these advisors are paid a fee based on the assets they manage.

There are even a number of investment options out there not listed here — like buying into a venture capital firm if you’re a high-net-worth individual or putting funding into your own business.

Pros and Cons of 401(k)s

Pros

Cons

Offer flexibility to invest in a wide range of assets. You must pay taxes on your investment income and capital gains in the year they are received.
Brokerage accounts provide the potential for growth, depending on your investments. However, all investments come with risks that include the potential for loss. Investments in brokerage accounts are not tax deductible.
You can contribute as much as you like to a brokerage account. There is a risk that you could lose the money you invested.

Investing With SoFi

It might still seem overwhelming to figure out what kinds of investments will help you achieve your goals. There are different investment strategies and finding the right one can depend on where you are in your career, what your financial goals are and how far away retirement is.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What is the most common investment type?

Stocks are one of the most common and well-known types of investments. A stock gives an investor fractional ownership of a public company in units known as shares.

How do I decide when to invest?

Some prime times to start investing include when you have a retirement fund at work that you can contribute to and that your employer may contribute matching funds to (up to a certain amount); you have an emergency fund of three to six months’ worth of money already set aside and you have additional money to invest for your future; there are financial goals you’re ready to save up for, such as buying a house, saving for your kids’ college funds, or investing for retirement. Please remember you need to consider your investment objectives and risk tolerance when deciding the “right” time to start investing.

Should I use multiple investment types?

Yes. It’s wise to diversify your portfolio. That way, you’ll have different types of assets which will increase the chances that some of them will do well even when others don’t. This will also help reduce your risk of losing money on one single type of investment. In short, having a diverse mix of assets helps you balance risk with return. However, diversification does not eliminate all risk.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

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Understanding How Income Based Repayment Works

All You Need to Know About Income-Based Student Loan Repayment

Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

If you’re on the standard 10-year repayment plan and your federal student loan payments are high relative to your income, a student loan income-based repayment plan may be an option for you.

New changes to the plans, including a new plan called SAVE that was introduced by the Biden Administration, will reduce many borrowers’ payments. Read on to learn whether income-based student loan repayment might be right for your situation.

What Is Income-Based Student Loan Repayment?

Income-based student loan repayment plans were conceived to ease the financial hardship of government student loan borrowers and help them avoid default when struggling to pay off student loans.

Those who enroll in the plans tend to have large loan balances and/or low earnings. Graduate students, who usually have bigger loan balances than undergrads, are more likely to enroll in a plan.

The idea is straightforward: Pay a percentage of your monthly income above a certain threshold for 20 or 25 years and you are eligible to get any remaining balance forgiven. (The SAVE plan would forgive balances after 10 years for borrowers with original loans of $12,000 or less.)

By the end of 2022, 45% of Direct Loan borrowers were enrolled in an income-based repayment plan, according to Federal Student Aid, an office of the U.S. Department of Education. But borrowers have often failed to recertify their income each year, as required, and are returned to the standard 10-year plan.


💡 Quick Tip: Often, the main goal of refinancing is to lower the interest rate on your student loans — federal and/or private — by taking out one loan with a new rate to replace your existing loans. Refinancing makes sense if you qualify for a lower rate and you don’t plan to use federal repayment programs or protections.

4 Income-Driven Student Loan Repayment Plans

While people often use the term “income-based repayment” generically, the Department of Education calls them income-driven repayment (IDR) plans. There are four.

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR)

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE)

•   Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE), which replaces the previous Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) plan

Your payment amount is a percentage of your discretionary income, defined for IBR and PAYE as the difference between your annual income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size.

For the SAVE plan, discretionary income is the difference between your annual income and 225% of the poverty line for your family size. This new plan could substantially reduce borrowers’ monthly payment amounts compared to other IDR plans.

For the ICR plan, discretionary income is the difference between your annual income and 100% of the poverty guideline for your family size.

For IBR, PAYE, and SAVE the payment is generally 10% of your discretionary income. Changes to SAVE that are scheduled to go into effect in July 2024 would lower payments to 5% of discretionary income for undergrads, and expand the pool of borrowers making $0 monthly payments.

For ICR, the payment is the lesser of these: 20% percent of discretionary income or what you would pay on a repayment plan with a fixed payment over 12 years, adjusted using a formula that takes income into account.

Parent PLUS borrowers may access ICR if they consolidate into a Direct Consolidation Loan.

Got it? But wait; there’s more. Note the number of years in which consistent, on-time payments must be made and after which a balance may be forgiven, as well as who qualifies.

Plan

Monthly Payment

Term (Undergrad)

Term (Graduate)

Who Qualifies

ICR 20% of discretionary income (or income-adjusted payment on 12-year plan) 25 years 25 years Any borrower (this is the only plan that includes parent PLUS Loan holders if they consolidate)
IBR 15% of discretionary income (but never more than 10-year plan) 25 years 25 years Borrowers who took out loans before July 1, 2014
Newer IBR 10% of discretionary income (but never more than 10-year plan) 20 years 20 years Borrowers who took out their first loans after July 1, 2014
PAYE 10% of discretionary income (but never more than 10-year plan) 20 years 20 years Borrowers who took out first loan after Sept. 30, 2007, and took out a new loan or consolidated existing loans after Sept. 30, 2011
SAVE Currently 10% of discretionary income, with no cap (will be lowered to 5% in July 2024) Currently 20 years (starting in July 2024, it will be 10 years for borrowers with original loan balances of $12,000 or less) 25 years (starting in July 2024, it will be 10 years for borrowers with original loan balances of $12,000 or less.) Any borrower

How Income-Based Student Loan Repayment Works

In general, borrowers qualify for lower monthly loan payments if their total student loan debt at graduation exceeds their annual income.

To figure out if you qualify for a plan, you must apply at StudentAid.gov and submit information to have your income certified. Your monthly payment will then be calculated. If you qualify, you’ll make your monthly payments to your loan servicer under your new income-based repayment plan.

You’ll generally have to recertify your income and family size every year. Your calculated payment may change as your income or family size changes.


💡 Quick Tip: When rates are low, refinancing student loans could make a lot of sense. How much could you save? Find out using our student loan refi calculator.

What Might My Student Loan Repayment Plan Look Like?

Here’s an example:

You are single and your family size is one. You live in one of the 48 contiguous states or the District of Columbia. Your adjusted gross income is $40,000 and you have $45,000 in eligible federal student loan debt.

The 2023 government poverty guideline amount for a family of one in the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia is $14,580, and 150% of that is $21,870. The difference between $40,000 and $20,385 is $18,130. That is your discretionary income.

If you’re repaying under the PAYE plan or if you’re a newer borrower with the IBR plan, 10% of your discretionary income is about $1,813. Dividing that amount by 12 results in a monthly payment of $151.08.

Under the SAVE Plan, however, your discretionary income is the difference between your gross income and 225% of the poverty line, which comes out to $32,805. The difference between $40,000 and $32,805 is $7,195, which is your discretionary income; 10% of your discretionary income is about $720. That amount divided by 12 results in a monthly payment of $60.

Under the ICR plan, if your income is $40,000 and 100% of the poverty guideline is $13,590, your discretionary income is $26,410. If you qualify to pay 20% of your discretionary income, your monthly payment would be about $440.

The Federal Student Aid office recommends using its loan simulator to compare estimated monthly payment amounts for all the repayment plans.

Which Loans Are Eligible for Income-Based Repayment Plans?

Most federal student loans are eligible for at least one of the plans.

Federal Student Aid lays out the long list of eligible loans, ineligible loans, and eligible if consolidated loans under each plan.

Of course, private student loans are not eligible for any federal income-driven repayment plan, though some private loan lenders will negotiate new payment schedules if needed.

Serious savings. Save thousands of dollars
thanks to flexible terms and low fixed or variable rates.


Pros and Cons of Income-Based Student Loan Repayment

Pros

•   Borrowers gain more affordable student loan payments.

•   Any remaining student loan balance is forgiven after 20 or 25 years of repayment; and, as of July 2024, after 10 years of repayment for those in the SAVE plan with original loan balances of $12,000 or less.

•   An economic hardship deferment period counts toward the 20 or 25 years.

•   The plans provide forgiveness of any balance after 10 years for borrowers who meet all the qualifications of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program.

•   The government pays all or part of the accrued interest on some loans in some of the income-driven plans.

•   Low-income borrowers may qualify for payments of zero dollars, and payments of zero still count toward loan forgiveness.

•   New federal regulations will curtail instances of interest capitalization and suspend excess interest accrual when monthly payments do not cover all accruing interest.

Cons

•   Stretching payments over a longer period means paying more interest over time.

•   With some IDR plans negative amortization may occur when your loan payment is less than the new interest that accrues that month, causing the total balance to grow. However, with the SAVE, PAYE, or IBR plans, if your monthly payment amount doesn’t cover all of the interest that accrues on your loans, the government will pay all or a portion (the amount depends on the plan) of the remaining accrued interest due each month. With SAVE, for instance, the government will pay all of the interest that isn’t covered by your payment.

•   Forgiven amounts of student loans are free from federal taxation through 2025, but usually the IRS treats forgiven balances as taxable income (except for the PSLF program).

•   Borrowers in most income-based repayment plans need to recertify income and family size every year.

•   On some plans, if a borrower gets married and files taxes jointly, the combined income could increase loan payments. (This is not the case with the SAVE Plan.)

•   The system can be confusing to navigate.

Student Loan Refinancing Tips From SoFi

Income-driven repayment plans were put in place to tame the monthly payments on federal student loans for struggling borrowers. For instance, the new SAVE Plan offers the lowest monthly payments of all IDR plans. (Those who have private student loans don’t qualify for IDR plans.)

If your income is stable and your credit is good, and you don’t need federal programs like income-driven repayment plans or deferment, refinancing your student loans is an option. (To be clear, refinancing federal student loans makes them ineligible for federal protections and programs like income-driven repayment and loan forgiveness for public service.) With refinancing, the goal is to pay off your existing loans with one new private student loan that ideally has a lower interest rate.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Is income-based repayment a good idea?

For borrowers of federal student loans with high monthly payments relative to their income, income-based repayment can be a good idea. Borrowers may want to check out the new SAVE Plan, which provides the lowest monthly payments of all the income-driven repayment options.

What is the income limit for income-based student loan repayment?

There is no limit. If your loan payments under the 10-year standard repayment plan are high for your income level, you may qualify for income-based student loan repayment.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of income-based student loan repayment?

The main advantage is lowering your monthly payments, with the promise of eventual loan forgiveness if all the rules are followed. A disadvantage is that you have to wait for 10, 20, or 25 years depending on the plan you’re on and how much you owe.

How does income-based repayment differ from standard repayment?

With the standard repayment plan, your monthly payments are a fixed amount that ensures your student loans will be repaid within 10 years. Under this plan, you’ll generally save money over time because your monthly payments will be higher. With income-based repayment, your monthly loan payments are based on your income and family size. These plans are designed to make your payments more affordable. After a certain amount of time ranging from 10 to 25 years, depending on the plan, any remaining balance you owe is forgiven.

Who is eligible for income-based repayment plans?

Under the new SAVE plan, any student loan borrower with eligible student loans can participate in the plan. With the PAYE and IBR plans, in order to be eligible, your calculated monthly payments, based on your income and family size, must be less than what you would pay under the standard repayment plan. Under the ICR plan, any borrower with eligible student loans may qualify. Parent PLUS loan borrowers are also eligible for this plan.

How is the monthly payment amount calculated in income-based repayment plans?

With income-based repayment, your monthly payment is calculated using your income and family size. Your payment is based on your discretionary income, which is the difference between your gross income and an income level based on the poverty line. The income level is different depending on the plan. With the SAVE Plan, for instance, your discretionary income is the difference between your gross annual income and 225% of the poverty line for your family size.

For IBR, PAYE, and SAVE your monthly payment is generally 10% of your discretionary income. Changes to SAVE that are scheduled to take place in July 2024 would reduce your payments to 5% of your discretionary income.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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woman on laptop drinking coffee

Guide to Refinancing Private Student Loans

Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

Private student loans are often used to bridge the gap between what a student receives in federal funding and the cost of attending college. While private loans can help students meet educational financial needs, they’re generally more expensive than federal loans and don’t come with federal benefits such as income-driven repayment plans or forgiveness.

But even without federal benefits, there are ways to make private loan repayment easier. If you refinance private student loans with more favorable terms than your existing loans — for example, at a lower interest rate — you can save money over the life of the loan. Here’s what to know about refinancing private student loans to decide if this option is right for you.

Refinancing Private Student Loans

While the majority of student debt is made up of federal loans, about 8.8% is private, according to the Education Data Initiative. For students at public and not-for-profit schools, private loans can help students meet financial needs after other sources of federal aid (such as loans, grants, scholarships, or work-study programs) are exhausted. For students at for-profit schools, private loans may be the only source of funding available.

Private loans don’t come with federal student loan benefits (such as deferment, forbearance, forgiveness, or income-driven repayment plans) to make repayment easier. While some private lenders offer deferment or forbearance options, interest will typically still accrue during this period, increasing the overall balance of the loan.

When you refinance private student loans, you replace your existing loans with a new loan, ideally one with more favorable terms.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Can I Refinance My Private Student Loans?

People often think they’re stuck with their existing loans, but you may be able to refinance private student loans to secure better terms. If you have a steady job, a good credit score, and a solid financial profile, you may qualify for a lower interest rate or better terms.

A new interest rate and loan term can mean a lower monthly payment – though you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term. By contrast, a shorter term will likely raise your monthly payment, but you’ll pay off your loan sooner.


💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Can I Refinance My Private Student Loans With My Federal Loans?

Yes, you may be able to refinance private student loans together with federal loans with a private lender, but the federal government does not consolidate or refinance private student loans.

If you’re paying on multiple federal and private loans, refinancing can simplify your payments because it consolidates all of your student loans into one loan. However, bundling your loans together means losing access to the federal loan benefits and protections mentioned earlier.

Keep in mind some federal loans might have lower interest rates than a private lender. And if you’re taking advantage of loan forgiveness programs or income-based repayment plans that come with federal loans, it may not make sense to refinance and lose access to those options. If you’re not planning to take advantage of federal loan benefits or protections, however, a private student loan refinance can make your repayment journey easier.

How to Refinance Private Student Loans

Wondering how to refinance private student loans? If you’re interested in pursuing a private student loan refinance, here’s how to get started:

Prepare Your Financial Information

To provide a quote, most lenders will need some personal financial information, such as your total student loan debt, income, cost of housing, and an estimate of your credit score.

Check Rates With Multiple Lenders

Private lenders set their own rates and terms, so it’s important to shop around. In addition to getting a rate estimate (which involves a soft credit check that shouldn’t affect your credit score), you’ll want to ask about any other fees (such as an origination fee), if there’s a prepayment penalty, and if they have any deferment or forbearance programs.

Choose a Lender and Apply

As you review the options, consider the amount of interest you’ll pay over the life of the loan and factor in the cost of any fees. Depending on how long the term length is, for example, the lowest interest rate might not translate to the lowest amount of total interest.

When you apply, you’ll need to supply documents that back up the financial information you shared for the initial rate check. Depending on your credit and financial history, applying with a cosigner may help you secure a better interest rate. Be sure to continue to make payments on your existing loans while you wait for your new loan to be approved.


💡 Quick Tip: Need a private student loan to cover your school bills? Because approval for a private student loan is based on creditworthiness, a cosigner may help a student get loan approval and a lower rate.

Can I Get My Private Student Loans Forgiven?

There are no private student loan forgiveness programs similar to the federal loan forgiveness programs. If you have federal loans, you might qualify for forgiveness after 120 qualifying monthly payments (or 10 years) under certain circumstances, such as working in public service.

You may also qualify for federal loan forgiveness after 20 or 25 years of making timely, qualifying, income-based payments. The only way private loans might be forgiven is in the case of death or disability, and even that is on a case-by-case basis.

If your private loan payments are draining your bank account, consider calling your lender to discuss your options instead of falling behind on payments. You may be able to negotiate new terms to make it easier to pay on time. Or as mentioned, you can consider refinancing private student loans. Refinancing might allow you to find better loan rates or terms than those of your existing loans.

What Should I Consider Before Refinancing?

If you’re thinking of refinancing, odds are you’re hoping to lower your interest rate, simplify your repayment process, and save money. In order to get a low rate that will make refinancing worth it, it’s a good idea to look at your overall finances before you apply.

Lenders make offers based on a variety of factors including (but not limited to) proof of a stable job, a healthy cash flow, a good credit score, and a reliable history of paying back previous debts. If you need to, take a few months to work on improving your credit score to increase your chances of getting a better interest rate.

If you’re planning on refinancing your federal loans with your private loans, make sure you won’t miss out on federal advantages down the road. For instance, if you plan to return to school full-time, you could be eligible to defer your federal loans while you’re back in school. Once you refinance your student loans, you’re no longer able to defer payment or have access to any other federal loan benefits.

Recommended: What Is Considered a Bad Credit Score?

Refinance My Private Student Loan

If you’re wondering: Should I refinance my private student loans? It can help to look at the interest rates on your loans and your monthly payment amount. If you can refinance private student loans with better terms than your existing loans and you won’t need access to federal benefits for any federal loans, refinancing might be a good option for you.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Can you refinance a student loan?

Yes, you can refinance private and federal student loans with a private lender. When you refinance, you replace your existing loans with a new loan, ideally one with more favorable terms. If you refinance federal loans, however, you will lose access to federal benefits and protections.

Can student loans be forgiven if refinanced?

No, if you refinance federal student loans, you’ll have a new private loan with new terms and no longer have access to federal benefits and protections, including forgiveness. Private lenders do not offer programs similar to the federal loan forgiveness programs.

Why would you refinance student loans?

Refinancing student loans allows you to replace your existing loans with a new loan with new terms. You may be able to save money if you refinance with a lower interest rate or if you shorten your term length to pay off your loan faster. Refinancing can also give you the opportunity to change the terms of your existing loan to remove a cosigner and simplify your repayment process by replacing multiple loans with a single loan.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Investing an Emergency Fund

An emergency fund can help you cover sudden and unexpected expenses. If your company downsizes, or you get in a car accident that isn’t covered by insurance, having money set aside to help pay the bills could keep costs from spiraling out of control.

But how big of an emergency fund do you need and does it need to be in liquid assets like cash, or should you invest your emergency fund?

Read on to learn more about whether investing an emergency fund is a smart idea.

Should You Invest Your Emergency Fund?

The default answer, historically, has been no when it comes to investing an emergency fund, because of the potential risk and the likelihood that you won’t be able to access it when you need it. But, increasingly, investing your emergency fund is becoming a viable option — particularly if your situation makes you less reliant on cash at hand.

So, should you invest your emergency fund? There are a number of reasons you might want to consider doing so. For instance, the returns can add up and if you wait, you could be leaving money on the table.

Here are some of the pros and cons to investing an emergency fund:

The Pros of Investing an Emergency Fund

You Could Make a Higher Return on Your Money

The number-one reason to park your emergency fund in an investment account is the potential for a higher return on your money than in a savings account.

For instance, you could put your emergency fund into a money market account or high-yield bank account that will earn you a higher rate of interest (currently more than 4% APY) than a standard bank account.

You Can Still Access Your Funds Easily

There are a number of investment options, such as a money market account, or high-yield bank account ,or even a Roth IRA, that allow you to withdraw your money if you need it.

For instance, with a Roth IRA, you can withdraw contributions at any time without paying a penalty, unlike a traditional IRA that may impose a 10% penalty on early withdrawals.

The Cons of Investing an Emergency Fund

It Might Take You Longer to Get Your Money

You might have to go through extra steps to get your money. Even if you temporarily put an emergency expense on a credit card and then pull money out of a money market account to pay off the credit card when it’s due, that’s still less accessible than simply having the money in your bank account.

You Could Risk Losing Money

If you invest your money — whether it’s in a mutual fund or pick and choose your own stocks — it always carries some risk. The market can dip at any given point, which can be a problem if your investments dip at the same time you need to tap into them.

If you’re considering investing your emergency fund, then it can be helpful to understand your options and the basics of investing.

This chart gives you a side-by-side comparison of the pros and cons of investing an emergency fund.

Pros

Cons

You could earn a higher return of your money by investing it. You risk losing your money if the stock market drops.
The money can be easily accessible if you invest in a money market account or high-yield savings account. It can take you longer to get your money and may involve an extra step or two.

💡 Quick Tip: All investments come with some degree of risk — and some are riskier than others. Before investing online, decide on your investment goals and how much risk you want to take.

3 Options for Investing An Emergency Fund

Should I invest my emergency fund? This is a question you’ll need to consider carefully. Be sure to weigh the benefits and drawbacks.

Part of the decision to invest your emergency fund will be finding an appropriate account. There are a few options that could work, depending on your financial situation.

High-yield savings account

These accounts come with a higher APY — generally, more than 4% right now — than traditional bank accounts. You can easily access your money from an online high-yield savings account, just as with any other bank account.

Money Market Account

Money market accounts earn interest and are essentially a combination of a savings account and a checking account. They tend to be low risk and may allow you to access your money by writing a check or using a debit card.

Roth IRA

With a Roth IRA, you can contribute money (up to $6,500 in 2023) and withdraw your contributions (but not your earnings) without penalty. The contributions you make to an IRA are taxable.

And remember, the general rule of thumb when it comes to investing is, the higher the investment risk, the higher the potential for return — but a risky investment could be even riskier if you intend to use the money as an emergency fund.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.

Investing With SoFi

If you don’t want to invest your entire emergency fund, you could consider saving a portion in a traditional savings account and investing another allotted amount. That way, you could rely on cash for immediate emergencies and have a backup of invested funds you can rely on in the event that something major, and more expensive, happens.

What’s most important is that you have a plan to deal with emergencies — because like it or not, eventually, you’ll likely have some unexpected event or cost that you need to cover.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

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FAQ

Is it wise to invest your emergency fund?

Whether to invest your emergency fund or not is a personal decision that you should consider carefully, since investments can be risky. One thing to keep in mind: Your funds should be easily accessible so that you can tap into them quickly if an emergency happens. Think about possible investments that offer liquidity, such as high-yield bank accounts and money market funds.

How much of my emergency fund should I invest?

Experts advise having at least three to six months’ worth of expenses on hand where you can access them easily, such as in a bank account. Anything more than that you may want to consider investing. But investing is a personal choice and one you should consider carefully, and it will also depend on your specific financial situation.

What should an emergency fund not be used for?

It’s best to use an emergency fund for urgent or sudden expenses that are necessary, such as emergency car or home repairs. You should not use an emergency fund for frivolous expenses or things you simply want, like a fancy vacation or new clothes.


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SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Is an Economic Stimulus Package?

AA stimulus package is a set of financial measures put together by central bankers or government lawmakers with the aim of improving, or “stimulating,” an economy that’s struggling.

Individuals in the U.S. during the past two decades have witnessed two major periods when government stimulus packages were used to boost the economy: first, after the 2008 financial crisis, and second, following the 2020 outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.

While viewed by some as key to reviving growth, economic stimulus packages are not without controversy. Here’s a closer look at how they work, the different types of stimulus packages, and their pros and cons.

Government Stimulus Packages, Explained

What is a stimulus package? The foundational theory behind these economic stimulus packages is one developed by a man named John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s.

Keynes was a British economist who created his theory in response to the global depression of the era. His conclusion was that, when a government lowers taxes and increases its spending, this would stimulate demand and help to get the economy out of its depressed state.

More specifically, when taxes are lowered, this helps to free up more income for people; because more is at their disposal, this is referred to as “disposable income.” People are more likely to spend some of this extra money, which helps to boost a sluggish economy.

When the government boosts its spending, this also puts more money into the economy. The hoped-for results are a decreased unemployment rate that will help to improve the overall economy.

Economic theory, of course, is much more complex than that, and so are government stimulus packages.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

SoFi has built a Recession Help Center
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Different Types of Stimulus

Monetary Stimulus

To get a bit more nuanced, monetary stimulus is something that occurs when monetary policy is changed to boost the economy.

Monetary policy is how the supply of money is influenced and interest rates managed through actions taken by a central agency. In the U.S., that agency is the Federal Reserve Bank.

Ways in which the Federal Reserve can use monetary policy to stimulate the economy include cutting policy rates, which in turn allows banks to loan money to consumers at lower rates; reducing the reserve requirement ratio, and buying government securities.

When the reserve requirement ratio is lowered, banks don’t need to keep as much in reserve. That means they have more to lend, at lower interest rates, which makes it more appealing for people to borrow money and get it circulating in the economy.

Fiscal Stimulus

Fiscal stimulus strategies focus on lowering taxes and/or boosting government spending. When taxes are lowered, this increases the amount of money that people have left over from a paycheck, and that money could be spent or invested.

When money is spent on a greater amount of products, this increases demand for those products — which in turn helps to reduce unemployment because companies need more employees to make and sell them.

If this process continues, then employees themselves become more in demand, which makes it more likely that they can get higher wages — which gives them even more funds to spend or invest.

When the government spends more money, this can increase employment, giving workers more money to spend, which can increase demand — and so, it is hoped, the upward cycle continues.

In the U.S., a federal fiscal package needs to be passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives — and then the president can sign it into law.

Quantitative Easing

Quantitative easing (QE) is a strategy used by the Federal Reserve when there is a need for a rapid increase in the money supply in the United States and to boost the economy.

For example, on March 15, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced a $700+ billion program in response to COVID-19. In general, QE involves the Federal Reserve buying longer-term government bonds, among other assets.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Pros and Cons of Stimulus Packages

There are advantages and disadvantages to economic stimulus packages, including the following:

Benefits

The goal of a stimulus package, based on Keynesian theory, is to revive a lagging economy and to prevent or reverse a recession, where the economy is retracting rather than expanding. This is a more immediate form of relief as the government also uses monetary, fiscal, and QE strategies to boost the overall economy.

This might include the Fed cutting interest rates, which lowers the rate at which banks loan money to consumers. That can encourage individuals to borrow money, which gets it circulating in the economy.

Taxes may also be lowered, which means workers have more money from each paycheck to spend. That spending may, in turn, increase the supply and demand for products, which can help both employees and businesses.

Risks

However, there are also risks to implementing stimulus packages. An economic theory that runs counter to Keynesian theory is the crowding out critique. According to this thinking, when the government participates in a deficit form of spending, labor demands will rise, which leads to higher wages, which leads to lower bottom lines for businesses.

Plus, these deficits are initially funded by debt, which causes an incremental increase in interest rates. This means it would cost more for businesses to obtain financing.

Other criticisms of stimulus spending focus on the timing of when funds are allocated and that central governments can be less efficient at capital allocation, which ultimately leads to waste and a low return on spending.

Another risk is that the central bank or government over-stimulates the economy or prints too much fiat currency, leading to inflation, or rise in prices. While a degree of inflation is normal and healthy for a growing inflation, price increases that are rapid and out of control can be painful for consumers.

Previous Economic Stimulus Legislation

Perhaps the most sweeping stimulus bill ever created in the United States was signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 8, 1935.

Called the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act and designed to help people struggling under the Great Depression, Roosevelt simply called it the “Big Bill”; it is now often referred to as the “New Deal.” Five billion dollars was provided to create jobs for Americans, who in turn built roads, bridges, parks, and more.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) came out of the New Deal, ultimately employing 11 million workers to build San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, LaGuardia Airport in New York, Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, about 100,000 other bridges, 8,000 parks, and half a million miles of roads, including highways.

Another agency, the Tennessee Valley Authority, collaborated with other agencies to build more than 20 dams, which generated electricity for millions of families in the South and West.

More Recent Stimulus Packages

Additionally, there was the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) in 2009. This was passed into law in response to the Great Recession of 2008 and is sometimes called the “Obama stimulus” or the “stimulus package of 2009.” Its goal was to address job losses.

This Act included $787 billion in tax cuts and credits, as well as unemployment benefits for families. Dollars were also provided for infrastructure, health care, and education, and the total funding was later increased to $831 billion.

More recently, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, was passed by the United States Senate on March 25, 2020. On March 27, 2020, the House of Representatives passed the legislation and the President signed it into law the same day.

And in March 2021, the American Rescue Plan was passed by the House and the Senate and signed into law by President Biden. This emergency relief plan included payments for individuals, tax credits, and grants to small businesses, among other things.

The Takeaway

Stimulus packages are used to prop up economies when they are struggling or on the brink of a major recession, or even depression. While in recent decades, such stimulus packages have been credited by some for helping the U.S. economy out of the 2008 financial crisis and 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, others worry that the increase in government deficit is unhealthy, and all that spending could lead to inflation.

For individuals, devising a strategy to help save and invest during times when the economy is struggling — and in general — can be important to achieving their financial goals. Chatting with a financial planner about those goals may be helpful for some when it comes to putting together a plan to save for the future.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Are there stimulus packages for small businesses?

Yes. For example, as part of the American Rescue Plan, small businesses that closed temporarily or had declining revenues due to COVID were extended a number of tax benefits to help with things like payroll taxes. There were also funds put toward grants for small businesses as part of this economic stimulus package.

How do stimulus packages fight recessions?

Economic stimulus packages are thought to help fight recessions by lowering taxes and increasing spending. The idea is that these measures would boost demand and improve the economy, and thus help avoid or fight recession.

What disqualifies you from getting a stimulus package?

Some reasons that could disqualify you from getting a stimulus package include having an income that’s deemed too high, not having a Social Security number, or not being a U.S. citizen or U.S. national.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

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